The Sportsman: On Hunting, a Sportsman's Manual, Commonly Called Cynegeticus

Produced by John Bickers

THE SPORTSMAN

by Xenophon

Translation by H. G. Dakyns

Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a

pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans,

and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land

and property in Scillus, where he lived for many

years before having to move once more, to settle

in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C.

The Sportsman is a manual on hunting hares, deer

and wild boar, including the topics of dogs, and

the benefits of hunting for the young.

PREPARER'S NOTE

This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a

four-volume set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though

there is doubt about some of these) is:

Work Number of books

The Anabasis 7

The Hellenica 7

The Cyropaedia 8

The Memorabilia 4

The Symposium 1

The Economist 1

On Horsemanship 1

The Sportsman 1

The Cavalry General 1

The Apology 1

On Revenues 1

The Hiero 1

The Agesilaus 1

The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians 2

Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into

English using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The

diacritical marks have been lost.

ON HUNTING

A Sportsman's Manual

Commonly Called CYNEGETICUS

I

To the gods themselves is due the discovery, to Apollo and Artemis,

patrons of the chase and protectors of the hound. (1) As a guerdon they

bestowed it upon Cheiron, (2) by reason of his uprightness, and he took

it and was glad, and turned the gift to good account. At his feet

sat many a disciple, to whom he taught the mystery of hunting and of

chivalry (3)--to wit, Cephalus, Asclepius, Melanion, Nestor, Amphiaraus,

Peleus, Telamon, Meleager, Theseus and Hippolytus, Palamedes, Odysseus,

Menestheus, Diomed, Castor and Polydeuces, Machaon and Podaleirius,

Antilochus, Aeneas and Achilles: of whom each in his turn was honoured

by the gods. And let none marvel that of these the greater part, albeit

well-pleasing to the gods, nevertheless were subject to death--which

is the way of nature, (4) but their fame has grown--nor yet that their

prime of manhood so far differed. The lifetime of Cheiron sufficed for

all his scholars; the fact being that Zeus and Cheiron were brethren,

sons of the same father but of different mothers--Zeus of Rhea, and

Cheiron of the nymph Nais; (5) and so it is that, though older than all

of them, he died not before he had taught the youngest--to wit, the boy

Achilles. (6)

(1) Or, "This thing is the invention of no mortal man, but of Apollo

and Artemis, to whom belong hunting and dogs." For the style of

exordium L. Dind. cf (Ps.) Dion. "Art. rhet." ad in.; Galen,

"Isagog." ad in.; Alex. Aphrodis. "Probl." 2 proem.

(2) The wisest and "justest of all the centaurs," Hom. "Il." xi. 831.

See Kingsley, "The Heroes," p. 84.

(3) Or, "the discipline of the hunting field and other noble lore."

(4) Lit. "since that is nature, but the praise of them grew greatly."

(5) According to others, Philyra. Pind. "Pyth." iii. 1, {ethelon

Kheirona ke Philuridan}; cf. "Pyth." vi. 22; "Nem." iii. 43.

(6) See Paus. iii. 18. 12.

Thanks to the careful heed they paid to dogs and things pertaining to

the chase, thanks also to the other training of their boyhood, all these

greatly excelled, and on the score of virtue were admired.

If Cephalus was caught into the arms of one that was a goddess, (7)

Asclepius (8) obtained yet greater honour. To him it was given to raise

the dead and to heal the sick, whereby, (9) even as a god among mortal

men, he has obtained to himself imperishable glory. Melanion (10) so far

excelled in zest for toil that he alone of all that flower of chivalry

who were his rivals (11) obtained the prize of noblest wedlock with

Atalanta; while as to Nestor, what need to repeat the well-known tale?

so far and wide for many a day has the fame of his virtue penetrated the

ears of Hellas. (12)

(7) Hemera (al. Eos). For the rape of Cephalus see Hes. "Theog." 986;

Eur. "Ion," 269; Paus. i. 3. 1; iii. 18. 7.

(8) Lat. Aesculapius. Father of Podaleirius and Machaon, "the noble

leech," "Il." ii. 731, iv. 194, 219, xi. 518; "Od." iv. 232.

(9) Cf. "Anab." I. ii. 8; Lincke, "z. Xen. Krit." p. 299.

(10) Melanion, s. Meilanion, Paus. iii. 12. 9; v. 17. 10; v. 19. 1.

(11) "Which were his rival suitors." As to Atalanta see Paus. viii.

45. 2; iii. 24. 2; v. 19. 2; Grote, "H. G." i. 199 foll.

(12) Lit. "the virtue of Nestor has so far penetrated the ears of

Hellas that I should speak to those who know." See Hom. "Il." i.

247, and passim.

Amphiaraus, (13) what time he served as a warrior against Thebes, won

for himself the highest praise; and from heaven obtained the honour of a

deathless life. (14)

(13) Amphiaraus. Pind. "Nem." ix. 13-27; "Olymp." vi. 11-16; Herod. i.

52; Paus. ix. 8. 2; 18. 2-4; ii. 23.2; i. 34; Liv. xlv. 27; Cic.

"de Div." i. 40. See Aesch. "Sept. c. Th." 392; Eur. "Phoen." 1122

foll.; Apollod. iii. 6; Strab. ix. 399, 404.

(14) Lit. "to be honoured ever living."

Peleus kindled in the gods desire to give him Thetis, and to hymn their

nuptials at the board of Cheiron. (15)

(15) For the marriage of Peleus and Thetis see Hom. "Il." xxiv. 61;

cf. Pope's rendering:

To grace those nuptials from the bright abode Yourselves were present;

when this minstrel god (Well pleased to share the feast) amid the quire

Stood proud to hymn, and tune his youthful lyre ("Homer's Il." xxiv.)

Prof. Robinson Ellis ("Comment on Catull." lxiv.) cites numerous

passages: Eur. "I. in T." 701 foll., 1036 foll.; Pind. "Isthm." v.

24; "Pyth." iii. 87-96; Isocr. "Evag." 192. 6; Apoll. Rh. iv. 791;

"Il." xxiv. 61; Hes. "Theog." 1006, and "Epithal." (ap. Tsetz,

"Prol. ad Lycophr."):

{tris makar Aiakide kai tetrakis olbie Peleu os toisd' en megarois ieron

lekhos eisanabaineis}.

The mighty Telamon (16) won from the greatest of all states and wedded

her whom he desired, Periboea the daughter of Alcathus; (17) and when

the first of Hellenes, (18) Heracles (19) the son of Zeus, distributed

rewards of valour after taking Troy, to Telamon he gave Hesione. (20)

(16) See "Il." viii. 283l Paus. i. 42. 1-4.

(17) Or Alcathous, who rebuilt the walls of Megara by Apollo's aid.

Ov. "Met." viii. 15 foll.

(18) Reading {o protos}; or if with L. D. {tois protois}, "what time

Heracles was distributing to the heroes of Hellas (lit. the first

of the Hellenes) prizes of valour, to Telamon he gave."

(19) See Hom. "Il." v. 640; Strab. xiii. 595.

(20) See Diod. iv. 32; i. 42.

Of Meleager (21) be it said, whereas the honours which he won are

manifest, the misfortunes on which he fell, when his father (22) in old

age forgot the goddess, were not of his own causing. (23)

(21) For the legend of Meleager see "Il." ix. 524-599, dramatised by

both Sophocles and Euripides, and in our day by Swinburne,

"Atalanta in Calydon." Cf. Paus. iii. 8. 9; viii. 54. 4; Ov.

"Met." viii. 300; Grote, "H. G." i. 195.

(22) i.e. Oeneus. "Il." ix. 535.

(23) Or, "may not be laid to his charge."

Theseus (24) single-handed destroyed the enemies of collective Hellas;

and in that he greatly enlarged the boundaries of his fatherland, is

still to-day the wonder of mankind. (25)

(24) See "Mem." II. i. 14; III. v. 10; cf. Isocr. "Phil." 111; Plut.

"Thes." x. foll.; Diod. iv. 59; Ov. "Met." vii. 433.

(25) Or, "is held in admiration still to-day." See Thuc. ii. 15;

Strab. ix. 397.

Hippolytus (26) was honoured by our lady Artemis and with her conversed,

(27) and in his latter end, by reason of his sobriety and holiness, was

reckoned among the blest.

(26) See the play of Euripides. Paus. i. 22; Diod. iv. 62.

(27) Al. "lived on the lips of men." But cf. Eur. "Hipp." 85, {soi kai

xeneimi kai logois s' ameibomai}. See Frazer, "Golden Bough," i.

6, for the Hippolytus-Virbius myth.

Palamedes (28) all his days on earth far outshone those of his own times

in wisdom, and when slain unjustly, won from heaven a vengeance such as

no other mortal man may boast of. (29) Yet died he not at their hands

(30) whom some suppose; else how could the one of them have been

accounted all but best, and the other a compeer of the good? No, not

they, but base men wrought that deed.

(28) As to Palamedes, son of Nauplius, his genius and treacherous

death, see Grote, "H. G." i. 400; "Mem." IV. ii. 33; "Apol." 26;

Plat. "Apol." 41; "Rep." vii. 522; Eur. fr. "Palam."; Ov. "Met."

xiii. 56; Paus. x. 31. 1; ii. 20. 3.

(29) For the vengeance see Schol. ad Eur. "Orest." 422; Philostr.

"Her." x. Cf. Strab. viii. 6. 2 (368); Leake, "Morea," ii. 358;

Baedeker, "Greece," 245.

(30) i.e. Odysseus and Diomed. (S. 11, I confess, strikes me as

somewhat in Xenophon's manner.) See "Mem." IV. ii. 33; "Apol." 26.

Menestheus, (31) through diligence and patient care, the outcome of the

chase, so far overshot all men in love of toil that even the chiefs

of Hellas must confess themselves inferior in the concerns of war save

Nestor only; and Nestor, it is said, (32) excelled not but alone might

rival him.

(31) For Menestheus, who led the Athenians against Troy, cf. Hom.

"Il." ii. 552; iv. 327; Philostr. "Her." ii. 16; Paus. ii. 25. 6;

i. 17. 6; Plut. "Thes." 32, 35.

(32) Or, "so runs the tale," e.g. in "The Catalogue." See "Il." ii.

l.c.: {Nestor oios erizen}, "Only Nestor rivalled him, for he was

the elder by birth" (W. Leaf).

Odysseus and Diomedes (33) were brilliant for many a single deed of

arms, and mainly to these two was due the taking of Troy town. (34)

(33) The two heroes are frequently coupled in Homer, e.g. "Il." v.

519; x. 241, etc.

(34) Or, "were brilliant in single points, and broadly speaking were

the cause that Troy was taken." See Hygin. "Fab." 108; Virg.

"Aen." ii. 163.

Castor and Polydeuces, (35) by reason of their glorious display of arts

obtained from Cheiron, and for the high honour and prestige therefrom

derived, are now immortal.

(35) Castor, Polydeuces, s. Pollux--the great twin brethren. See

Grote, "H. G." i. 232 foll.

Machaon and Podaleirius (36) were trained in this same lore, and proved

themselves adepts in works of skill, in argument and feats of arms. (37)

(36) As to the two sons of Asclepius, Machaon and Podaleirius, the

leaders of the Achaeans, see "Il." ii. 728; Schol. ad Pind.

"Pyth." iii. 14; Paus. iii. 26; iv. 3; Strab. vi. 4 (284); Diod.

iv. 71. 4; Grote, "H. G." i. 248.

(37) Or, "in crafts, in reasonings, and in deeds of war."

Antilochus, (38) in that he died for his father, obtained so great a

glory that, in the judgment of Hellas, to him alone belongs the title

"philopator," "who loved his father." (39)

(38) Antilochus, son of Nestor, slain by Memnon. "Od." iv. 186 foll.;

Pind. "Pyth." vi. 28; Philostr. "Her." iv.; "Icon." ii. 281.

(39) Lit. "to be alone proclaimed Philopator among the Hellenes." Cf.

Plat. "Laws," 730 D, "He shall be proclaimed the great and perfect

citizen, and bear away the palm of virtue"; and for the epithet

see Eur. "Or." 1605; "I. A." 68.

Aeneas (40) saved the ancestral gods--his father's and his mother's;

(41) yea, and his own father also, whereby he bore off a reputation

for piety so great that to him alone among all on whom they laid their

conquering hand in Troy even the enemy granted not to be despoiled.

(40) As to Aeneas see Poseidon's speech, "Il." xx. 293 foll.; Grote,

"H. G." i. 413, 427 foll.

(41) Cf. "Hell." II. iv. 21.

Achilles, (42) lastly, being nursed in this same training, bequeathed to

after-days memorials so fair, so ample, that to speak or hear concerning

him no man wearies.

(42) "The highest form that floated before Greek imagination was

Achilles," Hegel, "Lectures on the Philosophy of History" (Eng.

tr. p. 233); and for a beautiful elaboration of that idea, J. A.

Symonds, "Greek Poets," 2nd series, ch. ii.

Such, by dint of that painstaking care derived from Cheiron, these all

proved themselves; of whom all good men yet still to-day are lovers

and all base men envious. So much so that if throughout the length and

breadth of Hellas misfortunes at any time befell city or king, it was

they who loosed the knot of them; (43) or if all Hellas found herself

confronted with the hosts of the Barbarians in strife and battle,

once again it was these who nerved the arms of Hellenes to victory and

rendered Hellas unconquered and unconquerable.

(43) Reading {eluonto autous}, or if as L. D., {di autous}, transl.

"thanks to them, they were loosed."

For my part, then, my advice to the young is, do not despise hunting or

the other training of your boyhood, if you desire to grow up to be

good men, good not only in war but in all else of which the issue is

perfection in thought, word, and deed.

II

The first efforts of a youth emerging from boyhood should be directed to

the institution of the chase, after which he should come to the rest of

education, provided he have the means and with an eye to the same; if

his means be ample, in a style worthy of the profit to be derived; or,

if they be scant, let him at any rate contribute enthusiasm, in nothing

falling short of the power he possesses.

What are the aids and implements of divers sorts with which he who would

enter on this field must equip himself? These and the theory of each

in particular I will now explain. With a view to success in the

work, forewarned is forearmed. Nor let such details be looked upon as

insignificant. Without them there will be an end to practical results.

(1)

(1) Or, "The question suggests itself--how many instruments and of

what sort are required by any one wishing to enter this field? A

list of these I propose to give, not omitting the theoretical side

of the matter in each case, so that whoever lays his hand to this

work may have some knowledge to go upon. It would be a mistake to

regard these details as trivial. In fact, without them the

undertaking might as well be let alone."

The net-keeper should be a man with a real passion for the work, and

in tongue a Hellene, about twenty years of age, of wiry build, agile at

once and strong, with pluck enough to overcome the toils imposed on him,

(2) and to take pleasure in the work.

(2) {toutous}, "by this, that, or the other good quality."

The ordinary small nets should be made of fine Phasian or Carthaginian

(3) flax, and so too should the road nets and the larger hayes. (4)

These small nets should be nine-threaded (made of three strandes, and

each strand of three threads), (5) five spans (6) in depth, (7) and two

palms (8) at the nooses or pockets. (9) There should be no knots in

the cords that run round, which should be so inserted as to run quite

smoothly. (10) The road net should be twelve-threaded, and the larger

net (or haye) sixteen. They may be of different sizes, the former

varying from twelve to twenty-four or thirty feet, the latter from sixty

to one hundred and twenty or one hundred and eighty feet. (11) If larger

they will be unwieldy and hard to manage. Both should be thirty-knotted,

and the interval of the nooses the same as in the ordinary small nets.

At the elbow ends (12) the road net should be furnished with nipples

(13) (or eyes), and the larger sort (the haye) with rings, and both

alike with a running line of twisted cord. The pronged stakes (14)

for the small nets should be ten palms high, (15) as a rule, but there

should be some shorter ones besides; those of unequal length will be

convenient to equalise the height on uneven ground, and those of equal

length on level. They should be sharp-tipped so as to draw out easily

(16) and smooth throughout. Those for the road nets should be twice the

height, (17) and those for the big (haye) nets five spans long, (18)

with small forks, the notches not deep; they should be stout and solid,

of a thickness proportionate to their length. The number of props needed

for the nets will vary--many or few, according to circumstances; a less

number if the tension on the net be great, and a larger number when the

nets are slack. (19)

(3) Phasian or Carchedonian. Cf. Pollux, v. 26.

(4) {arkus, enodia, diktua}.

(5) (L. Dind. brackets.) See Pollux, v. 27, ap. Schn.

(6) {spithame}, a span (dodrans) = 7 1/2 inches. Herod. ii. 106;

{trispithamos}, Hes. "Op." 424; Plat. "Alc." i. 126 C; Aristot.

"H. A." viii. 28. 5; Polyb. v. 3-6.

(7) {to megethos}.

(8) Or, "eight fingers' breadth +" = 6 inches +. {palaiste} or

{palaste}, a palm or four fingers' breadth = 3 inches +.

(9) {tous brokhous}, a purse or tunnel arrangement with slip loop.

(10) Reading {upheisthosan de oi peridromoi anammatoi}. Lit. "the

cords that run round should be inserted without knots." See

Pollux, v. 28 foll.

(11) Lit. "2, 4, 5 fathoms; 10, 20, 30 fathoms."

(12) {akroleniois}, elbows, Pollux, v. 29; al. {akroliniois}, L. & S.,

"on the edges or borders."

(13) {mastous}, al. "tufts."

(14) {skhalides}, forks or net props. Cf. Pollux, v. 19. 31.

(15) i.e. 30 + inches = 2 1/2 + ft., say 36 inches = 3 ft.

(16) {euperispastoi ta akra}, al. "they should be made so that the

nets can be fitted on and off easily, with sharp points"; or "off

the points easily."

(17) {siplasiai}, i.e. 20 palms = 60 + inches, say 72, or 6 ft.

(18) {pentespithamoi}, i.e. 5 x 7 1/2 inches = 37 1/2 inches = 3 ft. 1

1/2 inch; al. 5 x 9 inches = 45 inches = 3 ft. 9 inches.

(19) Or, "if in the particular position the nets are taut, a larger if

they lie slack."

Lastly, for the purpose of carrying the nets and hayes, for either

sort (20) there must be a bag of calf-skin; and billhooks to cut down

branches and stop gaps in the woods when necessary. (21)

(20) Reading, with Lenz, {ekaterois}, or if, as C. Gesner conj., {e

ekatera}, transl. "or either separately."

(21) Or, "for the purpose of felling wood and stopping up gaps where

necessary."

III

There are two breeds of sporting dogs: the Castorian and the fox-like.

(1) The former get their name from Castor, in memory of the delight

he took in the business of the chase, for which he kept this breed by

preference. (2) The other breed is literally foxy, being the progeny

originally of the dog and the fox, whose natures have in the course of

ages become blent. (3)

(1) {Kastoriai}, or Laconian, approaching possibly the harrier type;

{alopekides}, i.e. vulpocanine, hybrid between fox and dog.

(2) Or, "get their appellation from the fact that Castor took delight

in the business of the chase, and kept this breed specially for

the purpose." Al. {diephulaxen}, "propagated and preserved the

breed which we now have." See Darwin, "Animals and Plants under

Domestication," ii. 202, 209.

(3) Or, "and through lapse of time the twofold characteristics of

their progenitors have become blent." See Timoth. Gaz. ap.

Schneid. ad loc. for an ancient superstition as to breeds.

Both species present a large proportion of defective animals (4) which

fall short of the type, as being under-sized, or crook-nosed, (5)

or gray-eyed, (6) or near-sighted, or ungainly, or stiff-jointed, or

deficient in strength, thin-haired, lanky, disproportioned, devoid of

pluck or of nose, or unsound of foot. To particularise: an under-sized

dog will, ten to one, break off from the chase (7) faint and flagging

in the performance of his duty owing to mere diminutiveness. An aquiline

nose means no mouth, and consequently an inability to hold the hare

fast. (8) A blinking bluish eye implies defect of vision; (9) just as

want of shape means ugliness. (10) The stiff-limbed dog will come

home limping from the hunting-field; (11) just as want of strength and

thinness of coat go hand in hand with incapacity for toil. (12)

The lanky-legged, unsymmetrical dog, with his shambling gait and

ill-compacted frame, ranges heavily; while the spiritless animal will

leave his work to skulk off out of the sun into shade and lie down. Want

of nose means scenting the hare with difficulty, or only once in a way;

and however courageous he may be, a hound with unsound feet cannot stand

the work, but through foot-soreness will eventually give in. (13)

(4) Or, "defective specimens (that is to say, the majority) are to be

noted, as follows."

(5) {grupai}.

(6) {kharopoi}. Al. Arrian, iv. 4, 5.

(7) Or, "will probably retire from the chase and throw up the business

through mere diminutiveness."

(8) Or, "a hook-nosed (? pig-jawed, see Stonehenge, "The Dog," p. 19,

4th ed.) dog has a bad mouth and cannot hold."

(9) Or, "a short-sighted, wall-eyed dog has defective vision."

(10) Or, "they are weedy, ugly brutes as a rule."

(11) Or, "stiffness of limbs means he will come off." Cf. "Mem." III.

xiii. 6.

(12) Lit. "a weak, thinly-haired animal is incapable of severe toil."

(13) Or, "Nor will courage compensate for unsound feet. The toil and

moil will be too great to endure, and owing to the pains in his

feet he will in the end give in."

Similarly many different modes of hunting a line of scent are to be seen

in the same species of hound. (14) One dog as soon as he has found the

trail will go along without sign or symptom to show that he is on

the scent; another will vibrate his ears only and keep his tail (15)

perfectly still; while a third has just the opposite propensity: he will

keep his ears still and wag with the tip of his tail. Others draw their

ears together, and assuming a solemn air, (16) drop their tails, tuck

them between their legs, and scour along the line. Many do nothing of

the sort. (17) They tear madly about, babbling round the line when they

light upon it, and senselessly trampling out the scent. Others again

will make wide circuits and excursions; either forecasting the line,

(18) they overshoot it and leave the hare itself behind, or every time

they run against the line they fall to conjecture, and when they catch

sight of the quarry are all in a tremor, (19) and will not advance a

step till they see the creature begin to stir.

(14) Or, "Also the same dogs will exhibit many styles of coursing: one

set as soon as they have got the trail pursue it without a sign,

so there is no means of finding out that the animal is on the

track."

(15) "Stern."

(16) Or "with their noses solemnly fixed on the ground and sterns

lowered."

(17) Or, "have quite a different action"; "exhibit quite another

manner."

(18) i.e. "they cast forwards to make short cuts," of skirters too

lazy to run the line honestly.

(19) Reading {tremousi}, "fall a-trembling"; al. {atremousi}, stand

"stock-still"; i.e. are "dwellers."

A particular sort may be described as hounds which, when hunting or

pursuing, run forward with a frequent eye to the discoveries of the rest

of the pack, because they have no confidence in themselves. Another sort

is over-confident--not letting the cleverer members of the pack go

on ahead, but keeping them back with nonsensical clamour. Others will

wilfully hug every false scent, (20) and with a tremendous display of

eagerness, whatever they chance upon, will take the lead, conscious all

the while they are playing false; (21) whilst another sort again will

behave in a precisely similar style out of sheer ignorance. (22) It is

a poor sort of hound which will not leave a stale line (23) for want of

recognising the true trail. So, too, a hound that cannot distinguish

the trail leading to a hare's form, and scampers over that of a running

hare, hot haste, is no thoroughbred. (24)

(20) Al. "seem to take pleasure in fondling every lie."

(21) Or, "fully aware themselves that the whole thing is a make-

believe."

(22) Or, "do exactly the same thing because they do not know any

better."

(23) {ek ton trimmon}. Lit. "keep away from beaten paths," and

commonly of footpaths, but here apparently of the hare's habitual

"run," not necessarily lately traversed, still less the true line.

(24) Lit. "A dog who on the one hand ignores the form track, and on

the other tears swiftly over a running track, is not a well-bred

dog." Al. {ta eunaia}, "traces of the form"; {ta dromaia}, "tracks

of a running hare." See Sturz. s.v. {dromaios}.

When it comes to the actual chase, some hounds will show great ardour

at first starting, but presently give up from weakness of spirit. Others

will run in too hastily (25) and then balk; and go hopelessly astray, as

if they had lost the sense of hearing altogether.

(25) So L. & S., {upotheousin} = "cut in before" the rest of the pack

and over-run the scent. Al. "flash in for a time, and then lose

the scent."

Many a hound will give up the chase and return from mere distaste for

hunting, (26) and not a few from pure affection for mankind. Others with

their clamorous yelping on the line do their best to deceive, as if true

and false were all one to them. (27) There are others that will not do

that, but which in the middle of their running, (28) should they catch

the echo of a sound from some other quarter, will leave their own

business and incontinently tear off towards it. (29) The fact is, (30)

they run on without clear motive, some of them; others taking too much

for granted; and a third set to suit their whims and fancies. Others

simply play at hunting; or from pure jealousy, keep questing about

beside the line, continually rushing along and tumbling over one

another. (31)

(26) Or, {misotheron}, "out of antipathy to the quarry." For

{philanthropon} cf. Pollux, ib. 64; Hermog. ap. L. Dind.

(27) Or, "unable apparently to distinguish false from true." See

Sturz, s.v. {poieisthai}. Cf. Plut. "de Exil." 6. Al. "Gaily

substituting false for true."

(28) "In the heat of the chase."

(29) "Rush to attack it."

(30) The fact is, there are as many different modes of following up

the chase almost as there are dogs. Some follow up the chase

{asaphos}, indistinctly; some {polu upolambanousai}, with a good

deal of guess-work; others again {doxazousai}, without conviction,

insincerely; others, {peplasmenos}, out of mere pretence, pure

humbug, make-believe, or {phthoneros}, in a fit of jealousy,

{ekkunousi}, are skirters; al. {ekkinousi}, Sturz, quit the scent.

(31) Al. "unceasingly tearing along, around, and about it."

The majority of these defects are due to natural disposition, though

some must be assigned no doubt to want of scientific training. In either

case such hounds are useless, and may well deter the keenest sportsman

from the hunting field. (32)

(32) Or, "Naturally, dogs like these damp the sportsman's ardour, and

indeed are enough to sicken him altogether with the chase."

The characters, bodily and other, exhibited by the finer specimens of

the same breed, (33) I will now set forth.

(33) Or, "The features, points, qualities, whether physical or other,

which characterise the better individuals." But what does Xenophon

mean by {tou autou genous}?

IV

In the first place, this true type of hound should be of large build;

and, in the next place, furnished with a light small head, broad and

flat in the snout, (1) well knit and sinewy, the lower part of the

forehead puckered into strong wrinkles; eyes set well up (2) in the

head, black and bright; forehead large and broad; the depression between

the eyes pronounced; (3) ears long (4) and thin, without hair on the

under side; neck long and flexible, freely moving on its pivot; (5)

chest broad and fairly fleshy; shoulder-blades detached a little from

the shoulders; (6) the shin-bones of the fore-legs should be small,

straight, round, stout and strong; the elbows straight; ribs (7) not

deep all along, but sloped away obliquely; the loins muscular, in size

a mean between long and short, neither too flexible nor too stiff; (8)

flanks, a mean between large and small; the hips (or "couples") rounded,

fleshy behind, not tied together above, but firmly knitted on the

inside; (9) the lower or under part of the belly (10) slack, and the

belly itself the same, that is, hollow and sunken; tail long, straight,

and pointed; (11) thighs (i.e. hams) stout and compact; shanks (i.e.

lower thighs) long, round, and solid; hind-legs much longer than the

fore-legs, and relatively lean; feet round and cat-like. (12)

(1) Pollux, v. 7; Arrian, "Cyn." iv.

(2) {meteora}, prominent.?See Sturz, s.v.

(3) {tas diakriseis batheias}, lit. "with a deep frontal sinus."

(4) Reading {makra}, or if {mikra}, "small."

(5) Al. "well rounded."

(6) "Shoulder blades standing out a little from the shoulders"; i.e.

"free."

(7) i.e. "not wholly given up to depth, but well curved"; depth is not

everything unless the ribs be also curved. Schneid. cf. Ov. "Met."

iii. 216, "et substricta gerens Sicyonius ilia Ladon," where the

poet is perhaps describing a greyhound, "chyned like a bream." See

Stonehenge, pp. 21, 22. Xenophon's "Castorians" were more like the

Welsh harrier in build, I presume.

(8) Or, "neither soft and spongy nor unyielding." See Stoneh., p. 23.

(9) "Drawn up underneath it," lit. "tucked up."

(10) Al. "flank," "flanks themselves."

(11) Or, as we should say, "stern." See Pollux, v. 59; Arrian, v. 9.

(12) See Stonehenge, p. 24 foll.

Hounds possessed of these points will be strong in build, and at the

same time light and active; they will have symmetry at once and pace; a

bright, beaming expression; and good mouths.

In following up scent, (13) see how they show their mettle by rapidly

quitting beaten paths, keeping their heads sloping to the ground,

smiling, as it were to greet the trail; see how they let their ears

drop, how they keep moving their eyes to and fro quickly, flourishing

their sterns. (14) Forwards they should go with many a circle towards

the hare's form, (15) steadily guided by the line, all together. When

they are close to the hare itself, they will make the fact plain to the

huntsman by the quickened pace at which they run, as if they would let

him know by their fury, by the motion of head and eyes, by rapid changes

of gait and gesture, (16) now casting a glance back and now fixing their

gaze steadily forward to the creature's hiding-place, (17) by twistings

and turnings of the body, flinging themselves backwards, forwards, and

sideways, and lastly, by the genuine exaltation of spirits, visible

enough now, and the ecstasy of their pleasure, that they are close upon

the quarry.

(13) Lit. "Let them follow up the trail."

(14) Lit. "fawning and wagging their tails."

(15) Lit. "bed" or "lair."

(16) Or, "by rapid shiftings of attitude, by looks now thrown backward

and now forwards to the..." Reading {kai apo ton anablemmaton

kai emblemmaton ton epi tas kathedras tou l.}, or if with L. D.,

{kai apo ton a. kai emblemmaton eis ton ulen kai anastremmaton ton

epi tas k.}, transl. "now looking back at the huntsman and now

staring hard into the covert, and again right-about-face in the

direction of the hare's sitting-place."

(17) Lit. "form"; "the place where puss is seated."

Once she is off, the pack should pursue with vigour. (18) They must

not relax their hold, but with yelp and bark full cry insist on keeping

close and dogging puss at every turn. Twist for twist and turn for turn,

they, too, must follow in a succession of swift and brilliant bursts,

interrupted by frequent doublings; while ever and again they give tongue

and yet again till the very welkin rings. (19) One thing they must not

do, and that is, leave the scent and return crestfallen to the huntsman.

(20)

(18) Lit. "let them follow up the chase vigorously, and not relax,

with yelp and bark."

(19) {dikaios}, Sturz, "non temere"; "and not without good reason."

Al. "a right good honest salvo of barks."

(20) Lit. "Let them not hark back to join the huntsman, and desert the

trail."

Along with this build and method of working, hounds should possess four

points. They should have pluck, sound feet, keen noses, and sleek coats.

The spirited, plucky hound will prove his mettle by refusing to leave

the chase, however stifling the weather; a good nose is shown by his

capacity for scenting the hare on barren and dry ground exposed to the

sun, and that when the orb is at the zenith; (21) soundness of foot in

the fact that the dog may course over mountains during the same season,

and yet his feet will not be torn to pieces; and a good coat means the

possession of light, thick, soft, and silky hair. (22)

(21) i.e. "at mid-day"; or, "in the height of summer"; al. "during the

dog-days"; "at the rising of the dog-star."

(22) See Pollux, ib. 59; Arrian, vi. 1.

As to the colour proper for a hound, (23) it should not be simply tawny,

nor absolutely black or white, which is not a sign of breeding, but

monotonous--a simplicity suggestive of the wild animal. (24) Accordingly

the red dog should show a bloom of white hair about the muzzle, and

so should the black, the white commonly showing red. On the top of the

thigh the hair should be straight and thick, as also on the loins and on

the lower portion of the stern, but of a moderate thickness only on the

upper parts.

(23) See Stonehenge, p. 25; Darwin, op. cit. ii. 109.

(24) But see Pollux, ib. 65, who apparently read {gennaion touto to

aploun alla therides}; al. Arrian, vi. See Jaques de Fouilloux,

"La Venerie" (ap. E. Talbot, "Oeuvres completes de Xenophon,"

traduction, ii. 318).

There is a good deal to be said for taking your hounds frequently into

the mountains; not so much for taking them on to cultivated land. (25)

And for this reason: the fells offer facilities for hunting and for

following the quarry without interruption, while cultivated land, owing

to the number of cross roads and beaten paths, presents opportunities

for neither. Moreover, quite apart from finding a hare, it is an

excellent thing to take your dogs on to rough ground. It is there they

will become sound of foot, and in general the benefit to their physique

in working over such ground will amply repay you. (26)

(25) Or, "pretty often, and less frequently over."

(26) Lit. "they must be benefited in their bodies generally by working

over such ground."

They should be taken out in summer till mid-day; in winter from sunrise

to sundown; in autumn any time except mid-day; and in spring any time

before evening. These times will hit the mean of temperature. (27)

(27) Or, "You may count on a moderate temperature at these times."

V

The tracks of hares are long in winter owing to the length of night, and

short for the opposite reason during summer. In winter, however, their

scent does not lie in early morning, when the rime is on the ground, or

earth is frozen. (1) The fact is, hoar frost by its own inherent force

absorbs its heat, whilst black frost freezes it. (2)

(1) Or, "when there is hoar frost or black frost" (lit. "ice").

(2) Or, "the ice congeals them," "encases as it were in itself the

heat," i.e. the warm scent; aliter, "causes the tracks to freeze

at the top."

The hounds, moreover, with their noses nipped by the cold, (3) cannot

under these conditions (4) use their sense of smell, until the sun

or the mere advance of day dissolves the scent. Then the noses of the

hounds recover, and the scent of the trail begins to exhale itself

perceptibly. (5)

(3) Reading {malkiosai}, Cobet, "N. Lect." 131. "Mnem." 3, 306;

Rutherford, "N. Phry." p. 135. = "nipped, or numb with cold." For

vulg. {malakiosai} = "whose noses are tender," see Lenz ad loc.

(4) Lit. "when the tracks are in this case."

(5) As it evaporates. Aliter, "is perceptible to smell as it is wafted

by the breeze to greet them."

Heavy dews also will obliterate scent by its depressing effect; (6) and

rains occurring after long intervals, while bringing out odours from

the earth, (7) will render the soil bad for scent until it dries again.

Southerly winds will not improve scent--being moisture-laden they

disperse it; whereas northerly winds, provided the scent has not been

previously destroyed, tend to fix and preserve it. Rains will drown

and wash it away, and so will drizzle; while the moon by her heat

(8)--especially a full moon--will dull its edge; in fact the trail is

rarest--most irregular (9)--at such times, for the hares in their joy

at the light with frolic and gambol (10) literally throw themselves high

into the air and set long intervals between one footfall and another.

Or again, the trail will become confused and misleading when crossed by

that of foxes. (11)

(6) Cf. Plut. "Q. Nat." 917 F, ap. Schneid.

(7) Cf. Theophr. "C. Pl." xix. 5, 6; xx. 4.

(8) Reading {to thermo}. Aristot. "Gen. An." iv. 10. Zeune cf. Plut.

"Symp." iii. 10, 657. Macrob. "Sat." vii. 16; Athen. 276 E. Al.

{to thermon}. See Lenz ad loc., "the moon, especially a full moon,

dulls the heat (or odour) of the tracks."

(9) Cf. Poll. v. 67; ib. 66.

(10) "Playing with one another, in the rivalry of sport."

(11) Lit. "when foxes have gone through before."

Spring with its tempered mildness is the season to render the scent

clear, except where possibly the soil, bursting with flowers, may

mislead the pack, by mingling the perfume of flowers with the true

scent. (12) In summer scent is thin and indistinct; the earth being

baked through and through absorbs the thinner warmth inherent in the

trail, while the dogs themselves are less keen scented at that season

through the general relaxation of their bodies. (13) In autumn scent

lies clean, all the products of the soil by that time, if cultivable,

being already garnered, or, if wild, withered away with age, so that

the odours of various fruits are no longer a disturbing cause through

blowing on to the line. (14) In winter, summer, and autumn, moreover,

as opposed to spring, the trail of a hare lies for the most part in

straight lines, but in the earlier season it is highly complicated, for

the little creatures are perpetually coupling and particularly at this

season, so that of necessity as they roam together for the purpose they

make the line intricate as described.

(12) i.e. "with the scent into a composite and confusing whole."

(13) Or, "owing to the relaxed condition of their frames."

(14) Lit. "The fruity odours do not, as commingling currents, injure

the trail."

The scent of the line leading to the hare's form lies longer than that

of a hare on the run, and for this reason: in proceeding to her form the

hare keeps stopping, (15) the other is in rapid motion; consequently,

the ground in one case is thickly saturated all along with scent, in the

other sparsely and superficially. So, too, scent lies better in woody

than on barren ground, since, whilst running to and fro or sitting up,

the creature comes in contact with a variety of objects. Everything

that earth produces or bears upon her bosom will serve as puss's

resting-place. These are her screen, her couch, her canopy; (16) apart,

it may be, or close at hand, or at some middle point, among them she

lies ensconced. At times, with an effort taxing all her strength, she

will spring across to where some jutting point or clinging undergrowth

on sea or freshet may attract her.

(15) "The form tracks are made by the hare leisurely proceeding and

stopping at times; those on the run quickly."

(16) Lit. "Anything and everything will serve to couch under, or

above, within, beside, now at some distance off, and now hard by,

and now midway between."

The couching hare (17) constructs her form for the most part in

sheltered spots during cold weather and in shady thickets during the hot

season, but in spring and autumn on ground exposed to the sun. Not so

the running (18) animal, for the simple reason that she is scared out of

her wits by the hounds. (19)

(17) "The form-frequenting hare."

(18) "Her roving congener," i.e. the hunted hare that squats. The

distinction drawn is between the form chosen by the hare for her

own comfort, and her squatting-place to escape the hounds when

hunted.

(19) i.e. "the dogs have turned her head and made her as mad as a

March hare."

In reclining the hare draws up the thighs under the flanks, (20) putting

its fore-legs together, as a rule, and stretching them out, resting

its chin on the tips of its feet. It spreads its ears out over the

shoulder-blades, and so shelters the tender parts of its body; its hair

serves as a protection, (21) being thick and of a downy texture. When

awake it keeps on blinking its eyelids, (22) but when asleep the eyelids

remain wide open and motionless, and the eyes rigidly fixed; during

sleep it moves its nostrils frequently, if awake less often.

(20) Pollux, v. 72.

(21) Or, "as a waterproof."

(22) So Pollux, ib.

When the earth is bursting with new verdure, (23) fields and farm-lands

rather than mountains are their habitat. (24) When tracked by the

huntsman their habit is everywhere to await approach, except only in

case of some excessive scare during the night, in which case they will

be on the move.

(23) "When the ground teems with vegetation."

(24) Or, "they frequent cultivated lands," etc.

The fecundity of the hare is extraordinary. The female, having produced

one litter, is on the point of producing a second when she is already

impregnated for a third. (25)

(25) Re hyper-foetation cf. Pollux, v. 73, ap. Schneid.; Herod. iii.

108; Aristot. "H. A." iv. 5; Erastosthenes, "Catasterism," 34;

Aelian, "V. H." ii. 12; Plin. "N. H." vii. 55.

The scent of the leveret lies stronger (26) than that of the grown

animal. While the limbs are still soft and supple they trail full length

on the ground. Every true sportsman, however, will leave these quite

young creatures to roam freely. (27) "They are for the goddess."

Full-grown yearlings will run their first chase very swiftly, (28) but

they cannot keep up the pace; in spite of agility they lack strength.

(26) Cf. Pollux, v. 74.

(27) {aphiasi}, cf. Arrian, xxii. 1, "let them go free"; Aesch. "P.

V." 666; Plat. "Prot." 320 A.

(28) Or, "will make the running over the first ring."

To find the trail you must work the dogs downwards through the

cultivated lands, beginning at the top. Any hares that do not come into

the tilled districts must be sought in the meadows and the glades; near

rivulets, among the stones, or in woody ground. If the quarry makes off,

(29) there should be no shouting, that the hounds may not grow too eager

and fail to discover the line. When found by the hounds, and the chase

has begun, the hare will at times cross streams, bend and double and

creep for shelter into clefts and crannied lurking-places; (30) since

they have not only the hounds to dread, but eagles also; and, so long as

they are yearlings, are apt to be carried off in the clutches of these

birds, in the act of crossing some slope or bare hillside. When they are

bigger they have the hounds after them to hunt them down and make away

with them. The fleetest-footed would appear to be those of the low

marsh lands. The vagabond kind (31) addicted to every sort of ground

are difficult to hunt, for they know the short cuts, running chiefly

up steeps or across flats, over inequalities unequally, and downhill

scarcely at all.

(29) Or, "shifts her ground."

(30) Or, "in their terror not of dogs only, but of eagles, since up to

a year old they are liable to be seized by these birds of prey

while crossing some bottom or bare ground, while if bigger..."

(31) {oi... planetai}, see Ael. op. cit. xiii. 14.

Whilst being hunted they are most visible in crossing ground that has

been turned up by the plough, if, that is, they have any trace of red

about them, or through stubble, owing to reflection. So, too, they are

visible enough on beaten paths or roads, presuming these are fairly

level, since the bright hue of their coats lights up by contrast. On the

other hand, they are not noticeable when they seek the cover of rocks,

hills, screes, or scrub, owing to similarity of colour. Getting a fair

start of the hounds, they will stop short, sit up and rise themselves up

on their haunches, (32) and listen for any bark or other clamour of the

hounds hard by; and when the sound reaches them, off and away they go.

At times, too, without hearing, merely fancying or persuading themselves

that they hear the hounds, they will fall to skipping backwards and

forwards along the same trail, (33) interchanging leaps, and interlacing

lines of scent, (34) and so make off and away.

(32) Cf. the German "Mannerchen machen," "play the mannikin." Shaks.

"V. and A." 697 foll.

(33) Passage imitated by Arrian, xvi. 1.

(34) Lit. "imprinting track upon track," but it is better perhaps to

avoid the language of woodcraft at this point.

These animals will give the longest run when found upon the open, there

being nothing there to screen the view; the shortest run when started

out of thickets, where the very darkness is an obstacle.

There are two distinct kinds of hare--the big kind, which is somewhat

dark in colour (35) with a large white patch on the forehead; and the

smaller kind, which is yellow-brown with only a little white. The tail

of the former kind is variegated in a circle; of the other, white at

the side. (36) The eyes of the large kind are slightly inclined to gray;

(37) of the smaller, bluish. The black about the tips of the ears is

largely spread in the one, but slightly in the other species. Of these

two species, the smaller is to be met with in most of the islands,

desert and inhabited alike. As regards numbers they are more abundant in

the islands than on the mainland; the fact being that in most of these

there are no foxes to attack and carry off either the grown animal or

its young; nor yet eagles, whose habitat is on lofty mountains rather

than the lower type of hills which characterise the islands. (38) Again,

sportsmen seldom visit the desert islands, and as to those which

are inhabited, the population is but thinly scattered and the folk

themselves not addicted to the chase; while in the case of the sacred

islands, (39) the importation of dogs is not allowed. If, then, we

consider what a small proportion of hares existent at the moment will

be hunted down and again the steady increase of the stock through

reproduction, the enormous numbers will not be surprising. (40)

(35) {epiperknoi}. Cf. Pollux, v. 67 foll., "mottled with black."

Blane.

(36) Reading {paraseiron}, perhaps "mottled"; vulg. {paraseron}. Al.

{parasuron}, "ecourtee," Gail.

(37) {upokharopoi}, "subfulvi," Sturz, i.e. "inclined to tawny"; al.

"fairly lustrous." Cf. {ommata moi glaukas kharopotera pollon

'Athanas}, Theocr. xx. 25; but see Aristot. "H. A." i. 10; "Gen.

An." v. 1. 20.

(38) Lit. "and those on the islands are for the most part of low

altitude."

(39) e.g. Delos. See Strab. x. 456; Plut. "Mor." 290 B; and so Lagia,

Plin. iv. 12.

(40) Lit. "As the inhabitants hunt down but a few of them, these

constantly being added to by reproduction, there must needs be a

large number of them."

The hare has not a keen sight for many reasons. To begin with, its eyes

are set too prominently on the skull, and the eyelids are clipped and

blear, (41) and afford no protection to the pupils. (42) Naturally

the sight is indistinct and purblind. (43) Along with which, although

asleep, for the most part it does not enjoy visual repose. (44) Again,

its very fleetness of foot contributes largely towards dim-sightedness.

It can only take a rapid glance at things in passing, and then off

before perceiving what the particular object is. (45)

(41) Or, "defective."

(42) Al. "against the sun's rays."

(43) Or, "dull and mal-concentrated." See Pollux, v. 69.

(44) i.e. "its eyes are not rested, because it sleeps with them open."

(45) i.e. "it goes so quick, that before it can notice what the

particular object is, it must avert its gaze to the next, and then

the next, and so on."

The alarm, too, of those hounds for ever at its heels pursuing combines

with everything (46) to rob the creature of all prescience; so that for

this reason alone it will run its head into a hundred dangers unawares,

and fall into the toils. If it held on its course uphill, (47) it would

seldom meet with such a fate; but now, through its propensity to circle

round and its attachment to the place where it was born and bred, it

courts destruction. Owing to its speed it is not often overtaken by

the hounds by fair hunting. (48) When caught, it is the victim of a

misfortune alien to its physical nature.

(46) {meta touton}, sc. "with these other causes"; al. "with the

dogs"; i.e. "like a second nightmare pack."

(47) Reading {orthion}, or if {orthon}, transl. "straight on."

(48) {kata podas}, i.e. "by running down"; cf. "Mem." II. vi. 9;

"Cyrop." I. vi. 40, re two kinds of hound: the one for scent, the

other for speed.

The fact is, there is no other animal of equal size which is at all its

match in speed. Witness the conformation of its body: the light, small

drooping head (narrow in front); (49) the (thin cylindrical) (50) neck,

not stiff and of a moderate length; straight shoulder-blades, loosely

slung above; the fore-legs attached to them, light and set close

together; (51) the undistended chest; (52) the light symmetrical sides;

the supple, well-rounded loins; the fleshy buttocks; the somewhat sunken

flanks; (53) the hips, well rounded, plump at every part, but with a

proper interval above; the long and solid thighs, on the outside tense

and not too flabby on the inside; the long, stout lower legs or shanks;

the fore-feet, exceedingly pliant, thin, and straight; the hind-feet

firm and broad; front and hind alike totally regardless of rough ground;

the hind-legs far longer than the fore, inclined outwards somewhat; the

fur (54) short and light.

(49) Reading {katophere (stenen ek tou emprosthen)}. See Lenz ad loc.

pp. 23, 24. Pollux, v. 69.

(50) Reading { (lepton, periphere)}.

(51) {sugkola}, al. "compactly knit."

(52) Lit. {ou barutonon}, "not deep sounding" = {ou sarkodes}, Pollux,

ib.

(53) Reading {lagonas ugras lagaras ikanos}.

(54) {trikhona}, "the coat."

I say an animal so happily constructed must needs be strong and pliant;

the perfection of lightness and agility. If proof of this lightness

and agility be needed, here is a fact in illustration. When proceeding

quietly, its method of progression is by leaps; no one ever saw or is

likely to see a hare walking. What it does is to place the hind-feet in

front of the fore-feet and outside them, and so to run, if running one

can call it. The action prints itself plainly on snow. The tail is not

conducive to swiftness of pace, being ill adapted by its stumpiness to

act as a rudder to direct the body. The animal has to do this by means

of one or other ear; (55) as may be seen, when she is on the point of

being caught by the hounds. (56) At that instant you may see her drop

and shoot out aslant one of her ears towards the point of attack, and

then, apparently throwing her full weight on that pivot, turn sharp

round and in a moment leave her assailants far behind.

(55) So Ael. "N. A." xiii. 14.

(56) Pollux, v. 71. For punctuation, see Lenz ad loc. p. 25.

So winsome a creature is it, that to note the whole of the proceedings

from the start--the quest by scent, the find, the pack in pursuit full

cry, the final capture--a man might well forget all other loves. (57)

(57) See Arrian, xvi. 6, his criticism. Schneid. cf. Plut. "Mor." 1096

C. Hermog. iii. 319, 11, ed. Walz.

Here it should be added that the sportsman, who finds himself on

cultivated lands, should rigidly keep his hands off the fruits of the

season, and leave springs and streams alone. To meddle with them is

ugly and base, not to speak of the bad example of lawlessness set to the

beholder. During the close season (58) all hunting gear should be taken

down and put away.

(58) Al. "wahrend der Jagdferien," Lenz; "on Sundays," as we might

say. See some remarks on S. 34 in "Hellenica Essays," "Xenophon,"

p. 349.

VI

The equipment of the dogs consists of collar straps, leashes, and

surcingles, (1) and the collar should be broad and soft so as not to

rub the dog's coat; the leash should have a noose for the hand, (2) and

nothing else. The plan of making collar and leash all in one is a clumsy

contrivance for keeping a hound in check. (3) The surcingle should be

broad in the thongs so as not to gall the hound's flanks, and with spurs

stitched on to the leather, to preserve the purity of the breed. (4)

(1) {stelmoniai}, al. {telamonias}, broad belts or girths, corselets.

Pollux, v. 55.

(2) Pollux, v. 56.

(3) Lit. "since those who make the collar out of the leash do not keep

hold (al. take care) of their hounds well."

(4) See "A Day with Xenophon's Harriers," "Macmillan's Mag." Jan.

1895, p. 183.

As to taking the hounds out to hunt, no hound ought to be taken out

which refuses its food, a conclusive proof that the animal is ailing.

Nor again, when a violent wind is blowing, for three good reasons: the

scent will not lie, the hounds cannot smell, (5) neither the nets nor

hayes will stand. In the absence, however, of any of these hindrances,

take them out every other day. (6) Do not let your hounds get into the

habit of hunting foxes. Nothing is so ruinous; and just at the moment

when you want them, they will not be forthcoming. On the other hand,

vary the hunting-ground in taking them out; which will give the pack a

wider experience in hunting and their master a better knowledge of the

country. The start should be early in the morning, unless the scent is

to fail the hounds entirely. (7) The dilatory sportsman robs the pack of

finding and himself of profit. (8) Subtle and delicate by nature, scent

will not last all day.

(5) "You cannot trust the hound's nose."

(6) "Every third day," {dia trites tes emeras}.

(7) Lit. "in order that they may not be deprived of following up the

scent."

(8) Or, "a late start means the hounds will be robbed of a find and

the huntsman of his reward."

The net-keeper should wear a light costume. His business is to fix the

nets about the runs, (9) paths, bends, and hollows, and darksome spots,

brooks, dry torrents, or perennial mountain streams. These are the

places to which the hare chiefly betakes itself for refuge; though there

are of course endless others. These, and the side passages into, and

exits from them, whether well marked or ill defined, are to be stopped

just as day breaks; not too early, so that, in case the line of nets be

in the neighbourhood of covert to be searched for game, (10) the

animal may not be scared at hearing the thud close by. (11) If, on the

contrary, there should be a wide gap between the two points, there is

less to hinder making the net lines clear and clean quite early, so

that nothing may cling to them. The keeper must fix the forked props

slantwise, so as to stand the strain when subjected to tension. He must

attach the nooses equally on the points; and see that the props are

regularly fixed, raising the pouch towards the middle; (12) and into the

slip-rope he must insert a large, long stone, to prevent the net from

stretching in the opposite direction, when it has got the hare inside.

He will fix the rows of poles with stretches of net sufficiently high to

prevent the creature leaping over. (13) In hunting, "no procrastination"

should be the motto, since it is sportsmanlike at once and a proof of

energy by all means to effect a capture quickly. He will stretch the

larger (haye) nets upon level spaces; and proceed to plant the road nets

upon roads and at converging points of tracks and footpaths; (14) he

must attach the border-ropes to the ground, draw together the elbows or

side ends of the nets, fix the forked props between the upper meshes,

(15) adjust the skirting ropes upon the tops, and close up gaps.

(9) See Pollux, v. 35.

(10) Al. "of the game to be hunted up."

(11) {omou}, "e propinquo." Schn. cf. "Cyrop." III. i. 2; VI. iii. 7.

(12) Or, "giving the funnel or belly a lift in the middle."

{kekruphalon}, Pollux, v. 31.

(13) This sentence according to Lenz is out of its place, referring

solely to the haye nets; the order of the words should be {ta de

diktua teineto en apedois stoikhizeto de, k.t.l.} If so, transl.

"He should stretch the hayes on level ground and fix, etc.; The

road nets should be planted... etc."

(14) Al. "at convenient points or where paths converge." See Schneid.

s.v. {sumpheronta}.

(15) {sardonion}, Pollux, v. 31. Al. "fixing the stakes between the

edges."

Then he will play sentinel and go his rounds; if a prop or funnel wants

supporting, he will set it up; and when the hare comes with the hounds

behind her he will urge her forwards to the toils, with shout and halloa

thundering at her heels. When she is fairly entangled, he is to calm

the fury of the hounds, without touching them, by soothing, encouraging

tones. He is also to signal to the huntsman with a shout, that the

quarry is taken, or has escaped this side or that, or that he has not

seen it, or where he last caught sight of it. (16)

(16) Or, "'caught,' 'escaped,' (this side or that), 'not seen,'

'marked.'"

The sportsman himself should sally forth in a loose, light hunting

dress, (17) and footgear (18) to match; he should carry a stout stick

in his hand, the net-keeper following. They should proceed to the

hunting-field in silence, to prevent the hare, if by chance there should

be one close by, from making off at the sound of voices. When they have

reached the covert, he will tie the hounds to trees, each separately, so

that they can be easily slipped from the leash, and proceed to fix the

nets, funnel and hayes, as above described. When that is done, and while

the net-keeper mounts guard, the master himself will take the hounds

and sally forth to rouse the game. (19) Then with prayer and promise to

Apollo and to Artemis, our Lady of the Chase, (20) to share with them

the produce of spoil, he lets slip a single hound, the cunningest at

scenting of the pack. (If it be winter, the hour will be sunrise, or if

summer, before day-dawn, and in the other seasons at some hour midway.)

As soon as the hound has unravelled the true line (21) he will let slip

another; and then, if these carry on the line, at rapid intervals he

will slip the others one by one; and himself follow, without too great

hurry, (22) addressing each of the dogs by name every now and then, but

not too frequently, for fear of over-exciting them before the proper

moment.

(17) {emelemenen} = neglige, plain, unpretentious.

(18) Pollux, v. 18.

(19) Al. "intent on the working of the pack."

(20) "To thee thy share of this chase, Lord Apollo; and thine to thee,

O Huntress Queen!"

(21) Or, "carries a line straight away from the many that interlace."

(22) Or, "without forcing the pace."

Meanwhile the hounds are busily at work; onwards they press with eager

spirit, disentangling the line, double or treble, as the case may be.

(23) To and fro they weave a curious web, (24) now across, now parallel

with the line, (25) whose threads are interlaced, here overlapped, and

here revolving in a circle; now straight, now crooked; here close, there

rare; at one time clear enough, at another dimly owned. Past one another

the hounds jostle--tails waving fast, ears dropt, and eyes flashing.

(23) "Discovering two or three scents, as the case may be";

"unravelling her line, be it single or double."

(24) {prophoreisthai} = {diazesthai}, Pollux, vii. 52. Schneid. cf.

Aristoph. "Birds," 4, {apoloumeth' allos ten odon prophoroumeno}.

Still up and down, old sinner, must we pace; 'Twill kill us both, this

vain, long, wearing race (Kennedy).

(25) See Arrian, xx. 2.

But when they are really close to the hare they will make the matter

plain to the huntsman by various signs--the quivering of their bodies

backwards and forwards, sterns and all; the ardour meaning business;

the rush and emulaton; the hurry-scurry to be first; the patient

following-up of the whole pack; at one moment massed together, and at

another separated; and once again the steady onward rush. At last they

have reached the hare's form, and are in the act to spring upon her.

But she on a sudden will start up and bring about her ears the barking

clamour of the whole pack as she makes off full speed. Then as the chase

grows hot, the view halloo! of the huntsman may be heard: "So ho, good

hounds! that's she! cleverly now, good hounds! so ho, good hounds!" (26)

And so, wrapping his cloak (27) about his left arm, and snatching up his

club, he joins the hounds in the race after the hare, taking care not to

get in their way, (28) which would stop proceedings. (29) The hare, once

off, is quickly out of sight of her pursuers; but, as a rule, will make

a circuit back to the place where she was found. (30)

(26) Reading {io kunes, io kunes, sophos ge o kunes, kalos ge o

kunes}. Al. {io kunes, io kakos} = "To her, dogs! that won't do!"

"Ho, ho, Hunde! Ho, ho, falsch! Recht so, Hunde! schon so, Hunde!"

(Lenz).

(27) {o ampekhetai}, "the shawl or plaid which he carries on his

shoulders." See Pollux, v. 10.

(28) "Not to head the chase." Sir Alex. Grant, "Xen." p. 167.

(29) {aporon}, "which would be awkward" (see Arrian, xxv. 8).

(30) "Where the nets are set," Sir A. Grant. See his comment, l.c.

He must shout then to the keeper, "Mark her, boy, mark her! hey, lad!

hey, lad!" and the latter will make known whether the hare is caught or

not. Supposing the hare to be caught in her first ring, the huntsman has

only to call in the hounds and beat up another. If not, his business is

to follow up the pack full speed, and not give in, but on through thick

and through thin, for toil is sweet. And if again they chance upon her

in the chevy, (31) his cheery shout will be heard once more, "Right so!

right so, hounds! forward on, good hounds!"

(31) {apantosi diokousai auton}, al. "come across the huntsman again."

But if the pack have got too long a start of him, and he cannot overtake

them, however eagerly he follows up the hunt--perhaps he has altogether

missed the chase, or even if they are ranging close and giving tongue

and sticking to the scent, he cannot see them--still as he tears along

he can interrogate the passer-by: "Hilloa there, have you seen my

hounds?" he shouts, and having at length ascertained their whereabouts,

if they are on the line, he will post himself close by, and cheer them

on, repeating turn and turn about the name of every hound, and pitching

the tone of his voice sharp or deep, soft or loud; and besides all other

familiar calls, if the chase be on a hillside, (32) he can keep up their

spirits with a constant "Well done, good hounds! well done, good hounds!

good hounds!" Or if any are at fault, having overshot the line, he will

call to them, "Back, hounds! back, will you! try back!"

(32) Or, "if the chase sweeps over a mountain-side."

As soon as the hounds have got back to (where they missed) the line,

(33) he must cast them round, making many a circle to and fro; and where

the line fails, he should plant a stake (34) as a sign-post to guide

the eye, and so cast round the dogs from that point, (35) till they have

found the right scent, with coaxing and encouragement. As soon as the

line of scent is clear, (36) off go the dogs, throwing themselves on to

it, springing from side to side, swarming together, conjecturing, and

giving signs to one another, and taking bearings (37) they will not

mistake--helter-skelter off they go in pursuit. Once they dart off along

the line of scent thus hotly, the huntsman should keep up but without

hurrying, or out of zeal they will overshoot the line. As soon as they

are once more in close neighbourhood of the hare, and once again have

given their master clear indications of the fact, then let him give

what heed he can, she does not move off farther in sheer terror of the

hounds.

(33) {prosstosi}, al. "whenever they check."

(34) Al. (1) "take a stake or one of the poles as a sign-post," (2)

"draw a line on the ground."

(35) {suneirein}. Zeune cf. "Cyrop." VII. v. 6, "draw the dogs along

by the nets." Blane.

(36) "As the scent grows warmer," the translator in "Macmillan's Mag."

above referred to. Aristot. "H. A." ix. 44. 4.

(37) Lit. "fixing landmarks for themselves."

They meanwhile, with sterns wagging, tumbling and leaping over one

another's backs, (38) at intervals loudly giving tongue, and lifting

up their heads and peering into their master's face, as much as to

say, "There is no mistake about it this time," (39) will presently

of themselves start the hare and be after her full cry, with bark and

clamour. (40) Thereupon, whether the hare falls into the toils of the

funnel net or rushes past outside or inside, whatever incident betide,

the net-keeper must with a shout proclaim the fact. Should the hare be

caught, the huntsman has only to begin looking for another; if not, he

must follow up the chase once more with like encouragement.

(38) Or, "whisking their tails and frisking wildly, and jostling

against one another, and leaping over one another at a great

rate." Al. "over one obstacle, and then another."

(39) Or, "this is the true line at last."

(40) Al. "with a crash of tongues."

When at length the hounds show symptoms of fatigue, and it is already

late in the day, the time has come for the huntsman to look for his hare

that lies dead-beat; nor must he wittingly leave any patch of green or

clod of earth untested. (41) Backwards and forwards he must try and try

again the ground, (42) to be sure that nothing has been overlooked. The

fact is, the little creature lies in a small compass, and from fatigue

and fear will not get up. As he leads the hounds on he will cheer and

encourage them, addressing with many a soft term the docile creature,

the self-willed, stubborn brute more rarely, and to a moderate extent

the hound of average capacity, till he either succeeds in running down

or driving into the toils some victim. (43) After which he will pick up

his nets, both small and large alike, giving every hound a rub down, and

return home from the hunting-field, taking care, if it should chance to

be a summer's noon, to halt a bit, so that the feet of his hounds may

not be blistered on the road.

(41) Lit. "anything which earth puts forth or bears upon her bosom."

(42) Or, "Many and many a cast back must he make."

(43) The famous stanzas in "Venus and Adonis" may fitly close this

chapter.

And when thou hast on foot the purblind hare,

Mark the poor wretch, to overshoot his troubles

How he outruns the wind and with what care

He cranks and crosses with a thousand doubles:

The many musets through the which he goes

Are like a labyrinth to amaze his foes.

Sometimes he runs among a flock of sheep,

To make the cunning hounds mistake their smell,

And sometimes where earth-delving conies keep,

To stop the loud pursuers in their yell,

And sometimes sorteth with a herd of deer:

Danger deviseth shifts; wit waits on fear:

For there his smell with others being mingled,

The hot scent-snuffing hounds are driven to doubt,

Ceasing their clamorous cry till they have singled

With much ado the cold fault cleanly out:

Then do they spend their mouths: Echo replies,

As if another chase were in the skies.

By this, poor Wat, far off upon a hill,

Stands on his hinder legs with listening ear,

To hearken if his foes pursue him still:

Anon their loud alarums he doth hear;

And now his grief may be compared well

To one sore sick that hears the passing-bell.

Then shalt thou see the dew-bedabbled wretch

Turn, and return, indenting with the way;

Each envious brier his weary legs doth scratch,

Each shadow makes him stop, each murmur stay:

For misery is trodden on by many,

And being low never relieved by any.

VII

For breeding purposes choose winter, and release the bitches from hard

work; (1) which will enable them to profit by repose and to produce a

fine progeny towards spring, since that season is the best to promote

the growth of the young dogs. The bitch is in heat for fourteen days,

(2) and the moment at which to put her to the male, with a view to rapid

and successful impregnation, is when the heat is passing off. Choose a

good dog for the purpose. When the bitch is ready to whelp she should

not be taken out hunting continuously, but at intervals sufficient

to avoid a miscarriage through her over-love of toil. The period of

gestation lasts for sixty days. When littered the puppies should be left

to ther own dam, and not placed under another bitch; foster-nursing does

not promote growth in the same way, whilst nothing is so good for them

as their own mother's milk and her breath, (3) and the tenderness of her

caresses. (4)

(1) Or, "Winter is the time at which to pair dogs for breeding, the

bitches to be released from hard work, so that with the repose so

secured they may produce a fine litter in spring."

(2) Lit. "this necessity holds." Cf. Aristot. "H. A." vi. 20; Arrian,

xxvii., xxxi. 3.

(3) Cf. Eur. "Tro." 753, {o khrotos edu pneuma}.

(4) Cf. Arrian, xxx. 2; Pollux, v. 50; Columella, vii. 12, 12, ap.

Schneid.

Presently, when the puppies are strong enough to roam about, they should

be given milk (5) for a whole year, along with what will form their

staple diet in the future, but nothing else. A heavy diet will distort

the legs of a young dog, engender disease in other limbs, and the

internal mechanism will get out of order. (6)

(5) See Arrian, xxxi.; Stonehenge, p. 264.

(6) Or, "the internal organs get wrong" ({adika}). Cf. "Memorabilia,"

IV. iv. 5.

They should have short names given them, which will be easy to call

out. (7) The following may serve as specimens:--Psyche, Pluck, Buckler,

Spigot, Lance, Lurcher, Watch, Keeper, Brigade, Fencer, Butcher, Blazer,

Prowess, Craftsman, Forester, Counsellor, Spoiler, Hurry, Fury, Growler,

Riot, Bloomer, Rome, Blossom, Hebe, Hilary, Jolity, Gazer, Eyebright,

Much, Force, Trooper, Bustle, Bubbler, Rockdove, Stubborn, Yelp, Killer,

Pele-mele, Strongboy, Sky, Sunbeam, Bodkin, Wistful, Gnome, Tracks,

Dash. (8)

(7) Cf. Arrian, xxxi. 2; Oppian, "Cyn," i. 443; ap. Schneid.

(8) The following is Xenophon's list:--

{Psukhe} = Soul

{Thumos} = Spirit

{Porpax} = Hasp of shield

{Sturax} = Spike of spear at the butt end

{Logkhe} = Lance

{Lokhos} = Ambush, or "Company"

{Phroura} = Watch

{Phulax} = Guard

{Taxis} = Order, Rank, Post, Brigade

{Xiphon} = Swordsman

{Phonax} = Slaughterer, cf. "King Death"

{Phlegon} = Blazer

{'Alke} = Prowess, Victory

{Teukhon} = Craftsman

{'Uleus} = Woodsman, "Dashwood"

{Medas} = Counsellor

{Porthon} = Spoiler, "Rob Roy"

{Sperkhon} = Hastener, "Rocket"

{'Orge} = Fury, Rage

{Bremon} = Growler, Roarer

{'Ubris} = Hybris, Riot, Insolence

{Thallon} = Blooming, "Gaudy"

{'Rome} = Strength, "Romeo"

{'Antheus} = Blossom

{'Eba} = Youth

{Getheus} = Gladsome

{Khara} = Joy

{Leusson} = Gazer

{Augo} = Daybeam

{Polus} = Much

{Bia} = Force

{Stikhon} = Stepping in rank and file

{Spoude} = Much ado

{Bruas} = Gusher

{Oinas} = (1) Vine, (2) Rockdove. See Aristot. "H. A." v. 13,

14; i. 3, 10; Ael. "N. A." iv. 58. = Columba livia =

rockdove, the colour of ripening grapes; al. {oinas} =

the vine.

{Sterros} = "Stiff," "King Sturdy"

{Krauge} = Clamour. Cf. Plat. "Rep." 607 B.

{Kainon} = Killer

{Turbas} = "Topsy-turvy"

{Sthenon} = Strong man

{Aither} = Ether

{'Aktis} = Ray of light

{Aikhme} = Spear-point

{Nors} = Clever (girl)

{Gnome} = Maxim

{Stibon} = Tracker

{'Orme} = Dash. So Arrian ("Cyn." viii. 5) named his favourite hound.

For other names see Herodian, {peri mon. l} (on monosyllables),

12. 7; "Corp. Inscr." iv. p. 184, n. 8319; Arrian, v. 6, xix.;

Colum. vii. 12, 13. According to Pollux, v. 47, Xenophon had a dog

named {ippokentauros} (cf. "Cyrop." IV. iii. 17).

The young hounds may be taken out to the chase at the age of eight

months (9) if bitches, or if males at the age of ten. They should not

be let loose on the trail of a hare sitting, (10) but should be kept

attached by long leashes and allowed to follow on a line while scenting,

(11) with free scope to run along the trail. (12)

(9) Cf. Pollux, v. 54; al. Arrian, xxv., xxvi.

(10) Pollux, v. 12.

(11) "The dogs that are trailing," Blane.

(12) See Stonehenge, "Entering of greyhound and deerhound, of

foxhounds and harriers," pp. 284, 285.

As soon as a hare is found, provided the young hounds have the right

points (13) for running, they should not be let loose straight off: the

huntsman should wait until the hare has got a good start and is out of

sight, then let the young hounds go. (14) The result of letting slip

young hounds, possessed of all the requisite points and full of pluck,

(15) is that the sight of the hare will make them strain too violently

and pull them to bits, (16) while their frames are as yet unknit; a

catastrophe against which every sportsman should strenuously guard. If,

on the other hand, the young hounds do not promise well for running,

(17) there is no harm in letting them go. From the start they will give

up all hope of striking the hare, and consequently escape the injury in

question. (18)

(13) For points see the same authority: the harrier, p. 59; the

foxhound, p. 54.

(14) See Arrian's comment and dissent, xxv. 4.

(15) Lit. "which are at once well shaped and have the spirit for the

chase in them."

(16) Al. "they will overstrain themselves with the hare in sight, and

break a blood-vessel." See Arrian, xxxi. 4, {regnuntai gar autais

ai lagones}.

(17) Or, "are defectively built for the chase."

(18) Or, "will not suffer such mishap."

As to the trail of a hare on the run, there is no harm in letting them

follow it up till they overtake her. (19) When the hare is caught the

carcass should be given to the young hounds to tear in pieces. (20)

(19) Perhaps read {eos an thelosi}, "as long as they choose." The MSS.

have {elthosi}.

(20) See Stonehenge, p. 287, "blooded, so as to make him understand

the nature of the scent"; ib. 284.

As soon as these young hounds refuse to stay close to the nets and begin

to scatter, they must be called back; till they have been accustomed to

find the hare by following her up; or else, if not taught to quest for

her (time after time) in proper style, they may end by becoming skirters

(21)--a bad education. (22)

(21) {ekkunoi}, cf. Arrian, xxv. 5.

(22) {poneron mathema}, ib. 9.

As long as they are pups, they should have their food given them

near the nets, when these are being taken up, (23) so that if from

inexperience they should lose their way on the hunting-field, they may

come back for it and not be altogether lost. In time they will be quit

of this instinct themselves, (24) when their hostile feeling towards the

animal is developed, and they will be more concerned about the quarry

than disposed to give their food a thought. (25)

(23) {anairontai} sc. {ai arkues}, see above, vi. 26.

(24) Or, "abandon the practice."

(25) See Stonehenge, p. 289 (another context): "... the desire for

game in a well-bred dog is much greater than the appetite for

food, unless the stomach has long been deprived of it."

As a rule, the master should give the dogs their food with his own

hand; since, however much the animal may be in want of food without his

knowing who is to blame for that, it is impossible to have his hunger

satisfied without his forming an affection for his benefactor. (26)

(26) Or, "If want in itself does not reveal to him the cause of his

suffering, to be given food when hungry for it will arouse in him

affection for the donor."

VIII

The time to track hares is after a fall of snow deep enough to conceal

the ground completely. As long as there are black patches intermixed,

the hare will be hard to find. It is true that outside these the tracks

will remain visible for a long time, when the snow comes down with a

north wind blowing, because the snow does not melt immediately; but

if the wind be mild with gleams of sunshine, they will not last long,

because the snow is quickly thawed. When it snows steadily and without

intermission there is nothing to be done; the tracks will be covered

up. Nor, again, if there be a strong wind blowing, which will whirl and

drift the snow about and obliterate the tracks. It will not do to take

the hounds into the field in that case; (1) since owing to excessive

frost the snow will blister (2) the feet and noses of the dogs and

destroy the hare's scent. Then is the time for the sportsman to take

the haye nets and set off with a comrade up to the hills, and leave the

cultivated lands behind; and when he has got upon the tracks to follow

up the clue. If the tracks are much involved, and he follows them only

to find himself back again ere along at the same place, (3) he must make

a series of circuits and sweep round the medley of tracks, till he finds

out where they really lead. (4)

(1) Lit. "I say it is no use setting out with dogs to this chase."

(2) {kaei}. Cf. Arrian, xiv. 5.

(3) Reading {ekonta} sc. {ton kunegeten...} or if {ekonta, kuklous}

(sc. {ta ikhne}), transl. "if the tracks are involved, doubling on

themselves and coming back eventually to the same place."

(4) Or, "where the end of the string is."

The hare makes many windings, being at a loss to find a resting-place,

and at the same time she is accustomed to deal subtly (5) in her method

of progression, because her footsteps lead perpetually to her pursuit.

(5) {tekhnazein}. Cf. Ael. "N. A." vi. 47, ap. Schneid. A fact for

Uncle Remus.

As soon as the track is clear, (6) the huntsman will push on a little

farther; and it will bring him either to some embowered spot (7) or

craggy bank; since gusts of wind will drift the snow beyond such spots,

whereby a store of couching-places (8) is reserved (9); and that is what

puss seeks.

(6) "Discovered."

(7) "Thicket or overhanging crag."

(8) {eunasima}, "places well adapted for a form."

(9) Al. "many places suited for her form are left aside by puss, but

this she seeks."

If the tracks conduct the huntsman to this kind of covert he had better

not approach too near, for fear the creature should move off. Let him

make a circuit round; the chances are that she is there; and that will

soon be clear; for if so, the tracks will not trend outwards from the

place at any point. (10)

(10) L. Dind. emend. {oudamoi}, "the tracks will not pass in any

direction outwards from such ground."

And now when it is clear that puss is there, there let her bide; she

will not sir; let him set off and seek another, before the tracks are

indistinct; being careful only to note the time of day; so that, in case

he discovers others, there will be daylight enough for him to set up the

nets. (11) When the final moment has come, he will stretch the big haye

nets round the first one and then the other victim (precisely as in the

case of one of those black thawed patches above named), so as to enclose

within the toils whatever the creature is resting on. (12) As soon as

the nets are posted, up he must go and start her. If she contrive to

extricate herself from the nets, (13) he must after her, following her

tracks; and presently he will find himself at a second similar piece of

ground (unless, as is not improbable, she smothers herself in the snow

beforehand). (14) Accordingly he must discover where she is and spread

his toils once more; and, if she has energy still left, pursue the

chase. Even without the nets, caught she will be, from sheer fatigue,

(15) owing to the depth of the snow, which balls itself under her shaggy

feet and clings to her, a sheer dead weight.

(11) Al. "to envelop the victims in the nets."

(12) Lit. "whatever the creature is in contact with inside."

(13) Cf. Aesch. "Prom." 87, {Poto tropo tesd' ekkulisthesei tukhes}.

(14) Or, "if the creature is not first suffocated in the snow itself."

(15) See Pollux, v. 50. "She must presently be tired out in the heavy

snow, which balls itself like a fatal clog clinging to the under

part of her hairy feet."

IX

For hunting fawns (1) and deer, (2) Indian dogs (3) should be employed,

as being strong, large, and fleet-footed, and not devoid of spirit; with

these points they will prove well equal to the toil.

(1) See Hom. "Il." xxii. 189, x. 361; "Od." iv. 35; Aelian, "N. A."

xiv. 14; xvii. 26; Geopon. xix. 5.

(2) {e elaphos} (generic, Attic) = hart or hind, of roe (Capreolus

caprea) or red (Cervus elaphus) deer alike, I suppose. See St.

John, "Nat. Hist. and Sport in Moray."

(3) Of the Persian or Grecian greyhound type perhaps. See Aristot. "H.

A." viii. 28; Aelian, "N. A." viii. 1; Pollux, v. 37, 38, 43;

Plin. "H. N." vii. 2, viii. 28; Oppian, "Cyn." i. 413.

Quite young fawns (4) should be captured in spring, that being the

season at which the dams calve. (5) Some one should go beforehand

into the rank meadowlands (6) and reconnoitre where the hinds are

congregated, and wherever that may be, the master of the hounds will set

off--with his hounds and a supply of javelins--before daylight to the

place in question. Here he will attach the hounds to trees (7) some

distance off, for fear of their barking, (8) when they catch sight of

the deer. That done he will choose a specular point himself and keep a

sharp look-out. (9) As day breaks he will espy the hinds leading their

fawns to the places where they will lay them severally to rest. (10)

Having made them lie down and suckled them, they will cast anxious

glances this way and that to see that no one watches them; and then they

will severally withdraw to the side opposite and mount guard, each over

her own offspring. The huntsman, who has seen it all, (11) will loose

the dogs, and with javelins in hand himself advance towards the nearest

fawn in the direction of where he saw it laid to rest; carefully noting

the lie of the land, (12) for fear of making some mistake; since the

place itself will present a very different aspect on approach from what

it looked like at a distance.

(4) See above, v. 14. I do not know that any one has answered

Schneider's question: Quidni sensum eundem servavit homo

religiosus in hinnulis?

(5) "The fawns (of the roe deer) are born in the spring, usually early

in May," Lydekker, "R. N. H." ii. p. 383; of the red deer

"generally in the early part of June," ib. 346.

(6) {orgadas} = "gagnages," du Fouilloux, "Comment le veneur doit

aller en queste aux taillis ou gaignages pour voir le cerf a

veue," ap. Talbot, op. cit. i. p. 331.

(7) Or, "off the wood."

(8) It seems they were not trained to restrain themselves.

(9) Or, "set himself to observe from some higher place." Cf. Aristoph.

"Wasps," 361, {nun de xun oplois} | {andres oplitai diataxamenoi}

| {kata tas diodous skopiorountai}. Philostr. 784.

(10) See Pollux, v. 77; Aristot. "H. A." ix. 5. Mr. Scrope ap.

Lydekker, "R. N. H." ii. p. 346, states that the dam of the red

deer makes her offspring "lie down by a pressure of her nose,"

etc.

(11) Lit. "when he sees these things."

(12) Or, "the features of the scene"; "the topography."

When his eye has lit upon the object of his search, he will approach

quite close. The fawn will keep perfectly still, glued (13) as it were

to earth, and with loud bleats suffer itself to be picked up; unless it

happen to be drenched with rain; in which case, it will not stay quiet

in one place. No doubt, the internal moisture of the animal congeals

quickly with the cold (14) and causes it to shift its ground. Caught in

that case it must needs be; but the hounds will have work enough to run

the creature down. (15) The huntsman having seized the fawn, will hand

it to the keeper. The bleating will continue; and the hind, partly

seeing and partly hearing, will bear down full tilt upon the man who has

got her young, in her desire to rescue it. Now is the moment to urge

on the hounds and ply the javelins. And so having mastered this one, he

will proceed against the rest, and employ the same method of the chase

in dealing with them.

(13) {piesas}, "noosling, nestling, buried."

(14) "The blood runs cold."

(15) Or, "but it will give them a good chase; the dogs will have their

work cut out."

Young fawns may be captured in the way described. Those that are already

big will give more trouble, since they graze with their mothers and

the other deer, and when pursued retire in the middle of the herd or

occasionally in front, but very seldom in the rear. The deer, moreover,

in order to protect their young will do battle with the hounds and

trample them under foot; so that capture is not easy, unless you come at

once to close quarters and scatter the herd, with the result that one or

another of the fawns is isolated. The effort implies (16) a strain, and

the hounds will be left behind in the first heat of the race, since the

very absence of their dams (17) will intensify the young deer's terror,

and the speed of a fawn, that age and size, is quite incredible. (18)

But at the second or third run they will be quickly captured; since

their bodies being young and still unformed cannot hold out long against

fatigue.

(16) Lit. "after that violent effort."

(17) Or, "alarm at the absence of the herd will lend the creature

wings."

(18) Or, "is past compare"; "is beyond all telling."

Foot-gins (19) or caltrops may be set for deer on mountains, in the

neighbourhood of meadows and streams and wooded glens, on cross-roads

(20) or in tilled fields at spots which they frequent. (21) These gins

should be made of twisted yew twigs (22) stripped of the bark to prevent

their rotting. They should have well-rounded hooplike "crowns" (23) with

alternate rows of nails of wood and iron woven into the coil. (24) The

iron nails should be larger, so that while the wooden ones yield to the

foot, the others may press into it. (25) The noose of the cord which

will be laid upon "the crown" should be woven out of esparto and so

should the rope itself, this kind of grass being least liable to rot.

The rope and noose itself should both alike be stout. The log or clog of

wood attached should be made of common or of holm oak with the bark on,

three spans in length, and a palm in thickness. (26)

(19) {podostrabai}, podostrabai so called. Cf. "the boot."

(20) {en tais diodois}, "at points where paths issue," or "cross."

(21) {pros o ti prosie}, "against whatever they are likely to

approach."

(22) Or, "should be woven out of Smilax"; "Ebenholz," Lenz; "Ifs,"

Gail.

(23) {tas de stephanas euk. ekh.} "having circular rims."

(24) {en to plokano} (al. {plokamo}) = the plaited rope, which formed

the {stephane}. See Pollux, v. 32, ap. Schneid. and Lenz.

(25) Al. "so as to press into the foot, if the wooden ones yield."

(26) Or, "27 inches x 3."

To set the trap, dig a hole in the soil to a depth of fifteen inches,

(27) circular in shape, with a circumference at the top exactly

corresponding to the crown and narrowing towards the bottom. For the

rope and wooden clog likewise remove sufficient earth to let them both

be lightly buried. That done, place the foot-gin deep enough to be just

even with the surface of the soil, (28) and round the circle of the

crown the cord-noose. The cord itself and wooden clog must now be

lowered into their respective places. Which done, place on the crown

some rods of spindle-tree, (29) but not so as to stick out beyond the

outer rim; and above these again light leaves, such as the season may

provide. After this put a final coating of earth upon the leaves; in the

first place the surface soil from the holes just dug, and atop of that

some unbroken solid earth from a distance, so that the lie of the trap

may be as much as possible unnoticed by the deer. Any earth left over

should be carried to a distance from the gin. The mere smell of the

newly-turned-up soil will suffice to make the animal suspicious; (30)

and smell it readily she will.

(27) Or, "remove a mass of soil to the depth of five palms so as to

form a circular hole corresponding in size with the rim above-

named."

(28) Or, "like a door over the cavity, somewhat below the surface,

flatwise"; i.e. "in a horizontal position."

(29) So literally, but really Carthamus creticus, a thistle-like plant

used for making spindles (Sprengel ap. L. & S.), the Euonymous

europaeus being our spindle-tree. Aristot. "H. A." ix. 40, 49;

Theocr. iv. 52.

(30) Lit. "if she once sniffs the new-turned soil the deer grows shy,

and that she will quickly do." See Plat. "Laws," 933 A; "Phaedr."

242 C; "Mem." II. i. 4.

The hunter should take his hounds and inspect the traps upon the

mountains, early in the morning if possible, though he should do so also

during the day at other times. Those set on cultivated land must always

be inspected early, before the sun is up in fact, (31) and for this

reason: on the hills, so desert is the region, (32) the creatures may

be caught not only at night but at any time of day; while, on the

cultivated lands, owing to their chronic apprehension of mankind in

daytime, night is the only time. (33)

(31) "Before the sun is up."

(32) Or, "thanks to the lonesomeness of the region."

(33) "It is night or never, owing to the dread of man which haunts the

creature's mind during daytime."

As soon as the huntsman finds a gin uprooted he will let slip his hounds

and with cheery encouragement (34) follow along the wake of the wooden

clog, with a keen eye to the direction of its march. That for the most

part will be plain enough, since stones will be displaced, and the

furrow which the clog makes as it trails along will be conspicuous on

tilled ground; or if the deer should strike across rough ground, the

rocks will show pieces of bark torn from the clog, and the chase will

consequently be all the easier. (35)

(34) See vi. 20; "with view-halloo."

(35) Or, "along that track will not be difficult."

Should the deer have been caught by one of its fore-feet it will soon

be taken, because in the act of running it will beat and batter its own

face and body; if by the hind-leg, the clog comes trailing along and

must needs impede the action of every limb. Sometimes, too, as it is

whirled along it will come in contact with the forked branches of some

tree, and then unless the animal can snap the rope in twain, she is

fairly caught; there ends the chase. But even so, if caught in this way

or overdone with fatigue, it were well not to come too close the quarry,

should it chance to be a stag, or he will lunge out with his antlers and

his feet; better therefore let fly your javelins from a distance.

These animals may also be captured without aid of gin or caltrop, by

sheer coursing in hot summer time; they get so tired, they will stand

still to be shot down. If hard pressed they will plunge into the sea or

take to water of any sort in their perplexity, and at times will drop

down from sheer want of breath. (36)

(36) "From mere shortness of breath."

X

To cope with the wild boar the huntsman needs to have a variety of dogs,

Indian, Cretan, Locrian, and Laconian, (1) along with a stock of nets,

javelins, boar-spears, and foot-traps.

(1) For these breeds see Pollux, v. 37: for the Laconian, Pind. "Fr."

73; Soph. "Aj." 8; cf. Shakesp. "Mids. N. D." iv. 1. 119, 129

foll.

To begin with, the hounds must be no ordinary specimens of the species

named, (2) in order to do battle with the beast in question.

(2) Or, "these hounds of the breed named must not be any ordinary

specimens"; but what does Xenophon mean by {ek toutou tou genous}?

The nets should be made of the same flaxen cord (3) as those for hares

above described. They should be forty-five threaded in three strands,

each strand consisting of fifteen threads. The height from the upper rim

(4) (i.e. from top to bottom) should be ten meshes, and the depth of the

nooses or pockets one elbow-length (say fifteen inches). (5) The ropes

running round the net should be half as thick again as the cords of the

net; and at the extremities (6) they should be fitted with rings, and

should be inserted (in and out) under the nooses, with the end passing

out through the rings. Fifteen nets will be sufficient. (7)

(3) i.e. "of Phasian or Cathaginian fine flax."

(4) {tou koruphaiou}.

(5) {pugon}. The distance from the elbow to the first joint of the

finger = 20 {daktuloi} = 5 {palaistai} = 1 1/4 ft. + (L. & S.)

(6) {ep akrois}. Cf. {akreleniois}.

(7) Reading {ikanai}, vid. Lenz ad loc. and ii. 4.

The javelins should be of all sorts, (8) having blades of a good breadth

and razor-sharpness, and stout shafts.

(8) Al. "of various material." See Pollux, v. 20 ap. Schneid.

The boar-spears should in the first place have blades fifteen inches

long, and in the middle of the socket two solid projecting teeth of

wrought metal, (9) and shafts of cornel-wood a spear-shaft's thickness.

(9) Wrought of copper (or bronze).

The foot-traps should resemble those used for deer.

These hunts should be conducted not singly, (10) but in parties, since

the wild boar can be captured only by the collective energy of several

men, and that not easily.

(10) Lit. "There should be a band of huntsmen"; or, "It will take the

united energies of several to capture this game." See Hom. "Il."

ix. 543, of the Calydonian boar:

{ton d' uios Oineos apekteinen Meleagros, polleon ek polion theretoras

andras ageiras kai kunas. ou men gar k' edame pauroisi brotoisin tossos

een, pollous de pures epebes' alegeines.}

"But him slew Meleagros the son of Oineus, having gathered

together from many cities huntsmen and hounds; for not of few men

could the boar be slain, so mighty was he; and many an one brought

he to the grievous pyre" (W. Leaf).

I will now explain how each part of the gear is to be used in hunting.

The company being come to some place where a boar is thought to lie, the

first step is to bring up the pack, (11) which done, they will loose a

single Laconian bitch, and keeping the rest in leash, beat about with

this one hound. (12) As soon as she has got on the boar's track, let

them follow in order, one after another, close on the tracking hound,

who gives the lead to the whole company. (13) Even to the huntsmen

themselves many a mark of the creature will be plain, such as his

footprints on soft portions of the ground, and in the thick undergrowth

of forests broken twigs; and, where there are single trees, the scars

made by his tusks. (14) As she follows up the trail the hound will, as

a general rule, finally arrive at some well-wooded spot; since, as a

general rule, the boar lies ensconced in places of the sort, that are

warm in winter and cool in summer.

(11) {kunegesion}, "a hunting establishment, huntsmen and hounds, a

pack of hounds," L. & S. cf. Herod. i. 36; Pollux. v. 17. In

Aristot. "H. A." viii. 5. 2, of wolves in a pack; v. {monopeirai}.

{upagein}--"stealthily?"

(12) Or, "go on a voyage of discovery."

(13) Reading {te ikhneuouse}, or if vulg. {ikhneusei}, transl. "set

her to follow the trail, at the head of the whole train."

(14) Schneid. cf. Aristot. "H. A." vi. 18; Plin. viii. 52; Virg.

"Georg." iii. 255, "ipse ruit, dentesque Sabellicus exacuit sus";

Hom. "Il." xi. 416, xiii. 475; Hes. "Shield," 389; Eur. "Phoen."

1389; Ovid, "Met." viii. 369.

As soon as she has reached his lair she will give tongue; but the boar

will not get up, not he, in nine cases out of ten. The huntsman will

thereupon recover the hound, and tie her up also with the rest at a good

distance from the lair. (15) He will then launch his toils into the wild

boar's harbourage, (16) placing the nooses upon any forked branches

of wood to hand. Out of the net itself he must construct a deep

forward-jutting gulf or bosom, posting young shoots on this side and

that within, as stays or beams, (17) so that the rays of light may

penetrate as freely as possible through the nooses into the bosom, (18)

and the interior be as fully lit up as possible when the creature makes

his charge. The string round the top of the net must be attached to

some stout tree, and not to any mere shrub or thorn-bush, since these

light-bending branches will give way to strain on open ground. (19)

All about each net it will be well to stop with timber even places (20)

"where harbrough nis to see," so that the hulking brute may drive a

straight course (21) into the toils without tacking.

(15) Lit. "accordingly recover the dog, and tie her up also with the

rest," etc.

(16) {ormous}. Lit. "moorings," i.e. "favourite haunts." Cf. {dusorma}

below. Al. "stelle die Fallnetze auf die Wechsel," Lenz.

(17) {anteridas}. See a note in the "Class. Rev." X. i. p. 7, by G. S.

Sale: "It can only mean long sticks used as stretchers or

spreaders to hold up the net between and beyond the props." Cf.

Thuc. vii. 36, 2.

(18) Or, "within the bay of network."

(19) {sunekhontai en tois psilois ai e}. "Denn diese werden an

unbestandenen Orten durch die Leine niedergezogen," Lenz;

{sunelkontai} conj. Schn.; {sunerkhontai} al., "concurrunt," vid.

Sturz.

(20) {ta dusorma}, met. from "bad harbourage." Cf. Arsch. "Pers." 448;

"Ag." 194. Cf. Lat. "importunus," also of "rough ground."

(21) Or, "make his rush."

As soon as the nets are fixed, the party will come back and let the

hounds slip one and all; then each will snatch up his javelin (22) and

boar-spear, and advance. Some one man, the most practised hand, will

cheer on the hounds, and the rest will follow in good order at some

considerable distance from one another, so as to leave the animal a free

passage; since if he falls into the thick of them as he makes off, there

is a fair chance of being wounded, for he will certainly vent his fury

on the first creature he falls foul of.

(22) Lit. "then they will take their javelins and boar-spears and

advance."

As soon as the hounds are near his lair, they will make their onslaught.

The boar, bewildered by the uproar, will rise up and toss the first

hound that ventures to attack him in front. He will then run and fall

into the toils; or if not, then after him full cry. (23) Even if the

ground on which the toils environ him be sloping, he will recover

himself promptly; (24) but if level, he will at once plant himself firm

as a rock, as if deliberating with himself. (25) At that conjuncture

the hounds will press hard upon him, while their masters had best keep

a narrow eye upon the boar and let fly their javelins and a pelt of

stones, being planted in a ring behind him and a good way off, until the

instant when with a forward heave of his body he stretches the net tight

and strains the skirting-rope. Thereupon he who is most skilful of

the company and of the stoutest nerve will advance from the front and

deliver a home thrust with his hunting-spear.

(23) Or, "a pretty chase must follow."

(24) Or, "if within the prison of the net the ground be sloping, it

will not take long to make him spring up; he will be up again on

his legs in no time."

(25) Or, "being concerned about himself."

Should the animal for all that rain of javelins and stones refuse to

stretch the skirting-rope, should he rather relax (26) in that direction

and make a right-about-face turn bearing down on his assailant, there

is nothing for it, under these circumstances, but to seize a boar-spear,

and advance; firmly clutching it with the left hand forward and with

the right behind; the left is to steady it, and the right to give it

impulse; and so the feet, (27) the left advanced in correspondence with

the left arm, and right with right. As he advances, he will make a lunge

forward with the boar-spear, (27) planting his legs apart not much wider

than in wrestling, (28) and keeping his left side turned towards his

left hand; and then, with his eye fixed steadily on the beast's eye, he

will note every turn and movement of the creature's head. As he brings

down the boar-spear to the thrust, he must take good heed the animal

does not knock it out of his hands by a side movement of the head; (29)

for if so he will follow up the impetus of that rude knock. In case

of that misfortune, the huntsman must throw himself upon his face and

clutch tight hold of the brushwood under him, since if the wild boar

should attack him in that posture, owing to the upward curve of its

tusks, it cannot get under him; (30) whereas if caught erect, he must be

wounded. What will happen then is, that the beast will try to raise him

up, and failing that will stand upon and trample him.

(26) {epanieis}. See Sturz, s.v.

(27) Lit. "forwards the left foot will follow the left arm and the

right foot the other."

(28) "Statum venatoris aprum venabulo excipientis pinxit

Philostratus," "Imag." i. 28, Schn.

(29) Or, "he will step forward and take one stride not much longer

than that of a wrestler, and thrust forward his boar-spear."

(30) Cf. Hes. "Shield," 387; Hom. "Il." xii. 148: "Then forth rushed

the twain, and fought in front of the gates like wild boars that

in the mountains abide the assailing crew of men and dogs, and

charging on either flank they crush the wood around them, cutting

it at the root, and the clatter of their tusks waxes loud, till

one smite them and take their life away" (A. Lang).

From this extremity there is but one means of escape, and one alone,

for the luckless prisoner. One of his fellow-huntsmen must approach with

boar-spear and provoke the boar, making as though he would let fly at

him; but let fly he must not, for fear of hitting the man under him. The

boar, on seeing this, will leave the fallen man, and in rage and fury

turn to grapple his assailant. The other will seize the instant to

spring to his feet, and not forget to clutch his boar-spear as he

rises to his legs again; since rescue cannot be nobly purchased save

by victory. (31) Let him again bring the weapon to bear in the same

fashion, and make a lunge at a point within the shoulder-blade, where

lies the throat; (32) and planting his body firmly press with all his

force. (33) The boar, by dint of his might and battle rage, will still

push on, and were it not that the teeth of the lance-blade hindered,

(34) would push his way up to the holder of the boar-spear even though

the shaft run right through him. (35)

(31) "Safety can only be won with honour by some master-stroke of

victory."

(32) {sphage}. Aristot. "H. A." i. 14. 2. "Straight at the jugular."

(33) Or, "throwing his whole weight on the thrust, press home with all

his force."

(34) Or, "but for the intervention of the two projecting teeth of the

lance-blade." See the account of the passage of arms between Col.

Pollock and a boar in his "Incidents of Foreign Sport and Travel."

There the man was mounted, but alone.

(35) Lit. "force his heavy bulk along the shaft right up to the holder

of the boar-spear."

Nay, so tremendous is the animal's power, that a property which no one

ever would suspect belongs to him. Lay a few hairs upon the tusk of

a boar just dead, and they will shrivel up instantly, (36) so hot are

they, these tusks. Nay, while the creature is living, under fierce

excitement they will be all aglow; or else how comes it that though he

fail to gore the dogs, yet at the blow the fine hairs of their coats are

singed in flecks and patches? (37)

(36) {euthus}, i.e. "for a few seconds after death."

(37) The belief is still current, I am told, in parts of India.

So much and even greater trouble may be loked for from the wild boar

before capture; I speak of the male animal. If it should be a sow that

falls into the toils, the huntsman should run up and prod her, taking

care not to be pushed off his legs and fall, in which case he cannot

escape being trampled on and bitten. Ergo, he will not voluntarily get

under those feet; but if involuntarily he should come to such a pass,

the same means (38) of helping each the other to get up again will

serve, as in the case of the male animal; and when he has regained his

legs, he must ply the boar-spear vigorously till she too has died the

death.

(38) {dianastaseis}, "the same methods of mutual recovery."

Wild pigs may be captured further in the following fashion: The nets

are fixed for them at the entrances of woody glens, (39) in coppices and

hollows, and on screes, where there are outlets into rank meadow-lands,

marshes, and clear pools. (40) The appointed person mounts guard at the

nets with his boar-spear, while the others work the dogs, exploring

the best and likeliest spots. As soon as the quarry is found the chase

commences. If then an animal falls into the net, the net-keeper will

grip his boar-spear and (41) advance, when he will ply it as I have

described; if he escape the net, then after him full cry. In hot, sultry

weather the boar may be run down by the hounds and captured. Though a

monster in strength, the creature becomes short of breath and will give

in from sheer exhaustion.

(39) Al. "at the passages from woodland lakes into oak-coppices."

(40) {udata}, "waters," lakes, pools, rivers, etc.

(41) Or, "and proceed to tackle him."

It is a form of sport which costs the lives of many hounds and endangers

those of the huntsmen themselves. Supposing that the animal has given in

from exhaustion at some moment in the chase, and they are forced to come

to close quarters; (42) whether he has taken to the water, or stands at

bay against some craggy bank, or does not choose to come out from some

thicket (since neither net nor anything else hinders him from bearing

down like a tornado on whoever approaches); still, even so, advance they

must, come what come may, to the attack. And now for a display of that

hardihood which first induced them to indulge a passion not fit for

carpet knights (43)--in other words, they must ply their boar-spears and

assume that poise of body (44) already described, since if one must meet

misfortune, let it not be for want of observing the best rules. (45)

(42) Reading {prosienai} ({ta probolia}). (The last two words are

probably a gloss, and should be omitted, since {prosienai} (from

{prosiemi}) {ta probolia} = "ply," or "apply their boar-spears,"

is hardly Greek.) See Schneid. "Add. et Corr." and L. Dind. ad

loc.

(43) {ekponein}, "to exercise this passion to the full."

(44) Lit. "assume their boar-spears and that forward attitude of

body."

(45) Lit. "it will not be at any rate from behaving correctly."

Foot-traps are also set for the wild boar, similar to those for deer and

in the same sort of places; the same inspections and methods of pursuit

are needed, with consequent attacks and an appeal to the boar-spear in

the end.

Any attempt to capture the young pigs will cost the huntsman some rough

work. (46) The young are not left alone, as long as they are small; and

when the hounds have hit upon them or they get wind of something wrong,

they will disappear like magic, vanishing into the forest. As a rule,

both parents attend on their own progeny, and are not pleasant then to

meddle with, being more disposed to do battle for their young than for

themselves.

(46) Lit. "the piglings will resent it (sc. {to aliskesthai})

strongly"; al. "the adult (sub. {to therion}) will stand anything

rather."

XI

Lions, leopards, lynxes, panthers, bears and all other such game are to

be captured in foreign countries--about Mount Pangaeus and Cittus beyond

Macedonia; (1) or again, in Nysa beyond Syria, and upon other mountains

suited to the breeding of large game.

(1) Of these places, Mt. Pangaeus (mod. Pirnari) (see "Hell." V. ii.

17), Cittus (s. Cissus, mod. Khortiatzi), N. W. of the Chalcidice,

Mysian Olympus, and Pindus are well known. Nysa has not been

verified hitherto, I think. Sturz cf. Bochart, "Hieroz." Part I.

lib. iii. c. 1, p. 722. Strabo, 637 (xv. 1. 7), mentions a Mount

Nysa in India sacred to Dionysus, and cites Soph. "Frag." 782--

{othen kateidon ton bebakkhiomenen brotoisi kleinon Nusan... k.t.l.},

but it is a far cry from Xenophon's Syria to India. Possibly it is

to be sought for in the region of Mt. Amanus.

In the mountains, owing to the difficulty of the ground, (2) some of

these animals are captured by means of poison--the drug aconite--which

the hunters throw down for them, (3) taking care to mix it with the

favourite food of the wild best, near pools and drinking-places or

wherever else they are likely to pay visits. Others of them, as they

descend into the plains at night, may be cut off by parties mounted

upon horseback and well armed, and so captured, but not without causing

considerable danger to their captors. (4)

(2) Or, "the inaccessibility of their habitats."

(3) "The method is for the trapper to throw it down mixed with the

food which the particular creature likes best."

(4) For the poison method see Pollux, v. 82; Plin. "H. N." viii. 27.

In some cases the custom is to construct large circular pits of some

depth, leaving a single pillar of earth in the centre, on the top of

which at nightfall they set a goat fast-bound, and hedge the pit about

with timber, so as to prevent the wild beasts seeing over, and without a

portal of admission. What happens then is this: the wild beasts, hearing

the bleating in the night, keep scampering round the barrier, and

finding no passage, leap over it, and are caught. (5)

(5) See "Tales from the Fjeld," Sir George W. Dasent, "Father Bruin in

the Corner."

XII

With regard to methods of procedure in the hunting-field, enough has

been said. (1) But there are many benefits which the enthusiastic

sportsman may expect to derive from this pursuit. (2) I speak of the

health which will thereby accrue to the physical frame, the quickening

of the eye and ear, the defiance of old age, and last, but not least,

the warlike training which it ensures. To begin with, when some day he

has to tramp along rough ways under arms, the heavy infantry soldier

will not faint or flag--he will stand the toil from being long

accustomed to the same experiences in capturing wild beasts. In the next

place, men so trained will be capable of sleeping on hard couches,

and prove brave guardians of the posts assigned them. In the actual

encounter with the enemy, they will know at once how to attack and to

carry out the word of command as it passes along the lines, because it

was just so in the old hunting days that they captured the wild game. If

posted in the van of battle, they will not desert their ranks, because

endurance is engrained in them. In the rout of the enemy their footsteps

will not falter nor fail: straight as an arrow they will follow the

flying foe, on every kind of ground, through long habituation. (3) Or

if their own army encounter a reverse on wooded and precipitous ground

beset with difficulties, these will be the men to save themselves with

honour and to extricate their friends; since long acquaintance with the

business of the chase has widened their intelligence. (4)

(1) Or, "Respecting the methods employed in different forms of the

chase, I have said my say." As to the genuineness of this and the

following chapter see L. Dind. ad loc.; K. Lincke, "Xenophon's

Dialog." {peri oikonomias}, p. 132.

(2) Lit. "this work"; and in reference to the highly Xenophontine

argument which follows see "Hellenica Essays," p. 342; cf.

"Cyrop." I. vi. 28, 39-41.

(3) "For the sake of 'auld lang syne.'"

(4) Or, "will place them on the vantage-ground of experts."

Nay, even under the worst of circumstances, when a whole mob of

fellow-combatants (5) has been put to flight, how often ere now has

a handful (6) of such men, by virtue of their bodily health (7) and

courage, caught the victorious enemy roaming blindly in some intricacy

of ground, renewed the fight, and routed him. Since so it must ever be;

to those whose souls and bodies are in happy case success is near at

hand. (8)

(5) Or, "allies."

(6) Or, "a forlorn hope."

(7) {euexia}, al. {eutaxia}, "by good discipline."

(8) "Fortune favours the brave," reading {to eutukhesai} (L. D.); or

if {tou eutukhesai}, (vulg.) "those whose health of soul and body

is established are ipso facto nigh unto good fortune."

It was through knowledge that they owed success against their foes to

such a training, that our own forefathers paid so careful a heed to

the young. (9) Though they had but a scant supply of fruits, it was an

immemorial custom "not to hinder (10) the hunter from hunting any of

earth's offspring"; and in addition, "not to hunt by night (11) within

many furlongs of the city," in order that the adepts in that art might

not rob the young lads of their game. They saw plainly that among the

many pleasures to which youth is prone, this one alone is productive of

the greatest blessings. In other words, it tends to make them sound of

soul and upright, being trained in the real world of actual things (12)

(and, as was said before, our ancestors could not but perceive they owed

their success in war to such instrumentality (13)); and the chase alone

deprives them of none of the other fair and noble pursuits that they may

choose to cultivate, as do those other evil pleasures, which ought never

to be learned. Of such stuff are good soldiers and good generals made.

(14) Naturally, those from whose souls and bodies the sweat of toil

has washed all base and wanton thoughts, who have implanted in them a

passion for manly virtue--these, I say, are the true nobles. (15) Not

theirs will it be to allow their city or its sacred soil to suffer

wrong.

(9) Al. "looked upon the chase as a pursuit incumbent on the young."

(10) {me koluein (dia) to meden ton epi te ge phuomenon agreuein}. The

commentators generally omit {dia}, in which case translate as in

text. Lenz reads {un koluein dia meden} (see his note ad v. 34),

and translates (p. 61), "Dass man die Jager nicht hindern solle,

in allem was die Erde hervorbrachte zu jagen," "not to hinder the

huntsmen from ranging over any of the crops which spring from

earth"; (but if so, we should expect {dia medenos}). Sturz, s.v.

{agreuein}, notes "festive," "because the hunter does not hunt

vegetable products." So Gail, "parce que le chasseur rien veut pas

aux productions de la terre."

(11) Or, "set their face against night-hunting," cf. "Mem." IV. vii.

4; Plat. "Soph." 220 D; "Stranger: There is one mode of striking

which is done at night, and by the light of a fire, and is called

by the hunters themselves firing, or spearing by firelight"

(Jowett); for which see Scott, "Guy Mannering," ch. x. It seems

"night hunting was not to be practised within a certain

considerable radius, whereby the proficients in that art might

deprive it (lit. in order that they might not deprive) them (the

young huntsmen) of their game."

(12) Lit. "in truth and reality (not among visionary phantoms)."

(13) These words are commonly regarded as an addition; and what does

{te} signify?

(14) Or, "Here you have the making of brave soldiers and generals.

Here in embryo are to be found your future soldiers and generals

worthy the name."

(15) {outoi aristoi}: these are prima virorum, the true aristocrats.

Some people tell us it is not right to indulge a taste for hunting,

lest it lead to neglect of home concerns, not knowing that those who are

benefactors of their country and their friends are in proportion all the

more devoted to domestic duties. If lovers of the chase pre-eminently

fit themselves to be useful to the fatherland, that is as much as to say

they will not squander their private means; since with the state itself

the domestic fortunes of each are saved or lost. The real fact is, these

men are saviours, not of their own fortunes only, but of the private

fortunes of the rest, of yours and mine. Yet there are not a few

irrational people amongst these cavillers who, out of jealousy, would

rather perish, thanks to their own baseness, than owe their lives to the

virtue of their neighbours. So true is it that the mass of pleasures are

but evil, (16) to which men succumb, and thereby are incited to adopt

the worse cause in speech and course in action. (17) And with what

result?--from vain and empty arguments they contract emnities, and reap

the fruit of evil deeds, diseases, losses, death--to the undoing of

themselves, their children, and their friends. (18) Having their senses

dulled to things evil, while more than commonly alive to pleasures, how

shall these be turned to good account for the salvation of the state?

Yet from these evils every one will easily hold aloof, if once enamoured

of those joys whose brief I hold, since a chivalrous education teaches

obedience to laws, and renders justice familiar to tongue and ear. (19)

(16) See "Hellenica Essays," p. 371.

(17) "To depravity of speech and conduct" (whether as advocates or

performers). See Aristoph. "Clouds."

(18) Or, "bring down on themselves, their children, and their friends

a spring of misfortunes in the shape of diseases, losses, or even

death."

(19) "For what does a chivalrous education teach save to obey the law,

and to make the theme of justice familiar to tongue and ear?"

In the one camp are those who, subjecting themselves ever to new toil

and fresh instruction, have, at the cost of lessons and exercises

painful to themselves, obtained to their several states salvation;

and in the other are those who for the very irksomeness of the process

choose not to be taught, but rather to pass away their days in pleasures

unseasonable--nature's abjects these. (20) Not theirs is it to obey

either laws or good instruction; (21) nay, how should they, who never

toil, discover what a good man ought to be?--in other words, wisdom and

justice are alike beyond their power. Subject to indiscipline, they have

many a fault to find with him who is well educated.

(20) Lit. "the sorriest of mankind these by nature."

(21) Or, "virtuous argument"; {logois agathois}, lit. "good words."

Through the instrumentality of such as these nothing can go well;

whereas every blessing which mankind enjoys has been discovered by the

efforts of the nobler sort. Nobler, I say, are those who choose to toil.

(22)

(22) Or, "of choice spirits; and who are the choice spirits?--Clearly

those who choose to toil."

And this has been proved conclusively by a notable example. If we look

back to the men of old who sat at the feet of Cheiron--whose names I

mentioned--we see that it was by dedicating the years of their youth to

the chase (23) that they learnt all their noble lore; and therefrom they

attained to great renown, and are admired even to this day for their

virtue--virtue who numbers all men as her lovers, as is very plain. Only

because of the pains it costs to win her the greater number fall away;

for the achievement of her is hid in obscurity; while the pains that

cleave to her are manifest. Perchance, if only she were endowed with a

visible bodily frame, men would less have neglected her, knowing that

even as she is visible to them, so they also are not hid from her eyes.

For is it not so that when a man moves in the presence of him whom he

dearly loves, (24) he rises to a height above himself, being incapable

of aught base or foul in word or deed in sight of him? (25) But fondly

dreaming that the eye of virtue is closed to them, they are guilty of

many a base thing and foul before her very face, who is hidden

from their eyes. Yet she is present everywhere, being dowered with

immortality; and those who are perfect in goodness (26) she honours, but

the wicked she thrusts aside from honour. If only men could know that

she regards them, how eagerly would they rush to the embrace of toilful

training and tribulation, (27) by which alone she is hardly taken; and

so should they gain the mastery over her, and she should be laid captive

at their feet.

(23) Or, "that they made their first essay in hunting when mere boys,

and from hunting upwards were taught many noble arts."

(24) Lit. "is beheld by his beloved." Cf. "Symp." iv. 4; viii. 31.

(25) Lit. "in order not to be seen of him."

(26) Lit. "good with respect to her."

(27) Or, "to those toils and that training."

XIII

Now what astonishes me in the "sophists," as they are called, (1) is,

that though they profess, the greater part of them, to lead the young to

virtue, they really lead them in the opposite direction. Never have we

set eyes on the man anywhere who owed his goodness to the sophists of

to-day. (2) Nor do their writings contain anything (3) calculated to

make men good, but they have written volumes on vain and frivolous

subjects, in which the young may find pleasures that pall, but the

essence of virtue is not in them. The result of this literature is to

inflict unnecessary waste of time on those who look to learn something

from it all and look in vain, cutting them off from wholesome

occupations and even teaching what is bad. I cannot then but blame them

for certain large offences (4) more than lightly; but as regards the

subject matter of their writings my charge is, that while full of

far-fetched phraseology, (5) of solid wholesome sentiments, by which

the young might be trained to virtue, I see not a vestige. Speaking as a

plain man, I know that to be taught what is good by one's own nature is

best of all, (6) and next best to learn of those who really do know some

good thing rather than of those who have an art to deceive. It may

well be that I fail to express myself in subtle language, (7) nor do

I pretend to aim at subtlety; what I do aim at is to express

rightly-conceived thoughts such as may serve the need of those who have

been nobly disciplined in virtue; for it is not words and names that

give instruction, but thoughts and sentiments worthy the name.

(1) Cf. Isocr. "Against the Sophists"; "Antidosis"; "Hel. Encom.";

Plat. "Sophist."

(2) Who are these {oi nun sophistai}?

(3) Lit. "do they present writings to the world."

(4) Or, "as to certain weightier matters gravely."

(5) {remata} = "words and phrases"; {ynomai} = "moral maxims, just

thoughts."

(6) "Being myself but a private individual and a plain man." According

to Hartman, "A. X. N." p. 350, "ridicule detorquet Hesiodeum":

{outos men panaristos os auto panta noese esthlos d' au kakeinos os eu

eiponti pithetai}.

(7) Al. "in true sophistic style." The writer seems to say: "I lack

subtlety of expression (nor is that at all my object); what I do

aim at is to trace with some exactness, to present with the

lucidity appropriate to them, certain thoughts demanded by persons

well educated in the school of virtue."

Nor am I singular in thus reproaching the modern type of sophist (not

the true philosopher, be it understood); it is a general reproach that

the wisdom he professes consists in word-subtleties, not in ideas. (8)

Certainly it does not escape my notice that an orderly sequence of ideas

adds beauty to the composition: (9) I mean it will be easy to find fault

with what is written incorrectly. (10) Nevertheless, I warrant it is

written in this fashion with an eye to rectitude, to make the reader

wise and good, not more sophistical. For I would wish my writings not to

seem but rather to be useful. I would have them stand the test of ages

in their blamelessness. (11)

(8) {onomasi}, "in names"; {noemasi}, "thoughts and ideas."

(9) Or, "I am alive to the advantage to be got from methodic, orderly

expression artistically and morally."

(10) This passage, since H. Estienne (Stephanus) first wrote against

it "huic loco meae conjecturae succumbunt," has been a puzzle to

all commentators. The words run: {ou lanthanei de me oti kalos kai

exes gegraphthai} ({gegraptai} in the margin of one MS.) {radion

gar estai autois takhu me orthos mempsasthai' kaitoi gegraptai ge

outos k.t.l.} For {takhu me orthos} (1) {takhu ti me orthos}, (2)

{to} (or {ta}) {me orthos}, have been suggested. It is not clear

whether {autois} = {tois sophistais} (e.g. "it will be easy for

these people to lay a finger at once on blots, however unfairly"),

or = {tois suggrammasi} (sc. my(?) compositions; so {auta}, S. 7

below, {ou gar dokein auta boulomai k.t.l.}) (e.g. "since it will

be easy offhand to find fault with them incorrectly") (or if {ta

me orthos}, "what is incorrect in them"). I append the three

translations of Gail, Lenz, and Talbot. "Je sais combien il est

avantageux de presenter des ouvrages methodiquement ecrits; aussi

par le meme sera-t-il plus facile de prouver aux sophistes leur

futilite!" {radion gar estai} (sub. {emoi}) {mempsasthai outois

takhu (to) me} (sous-entendu) {gegraphthai orthos} (Gail). "Zwar

entgeht mir nicht, dass es schon say die Worte kunstvoll zu

ordnen, denn leichter wird ihnen sonst, schnell, aber mit Unrecht

zu tadeln" (Lenz). "Aussi leur sera-t-il facile de me reprocher

d'ecrire vite et sans ordre" (Talbot). As if {takhu me orthos}

were the reproachful comment of the sophist on the author's

treatise.

(11) i.e. "the arguments to be blameless at once and irrefutable for

all time."

That is my point of view. The sophist has quite another--words with him

are for the sake of deception, writing for personal gain; to benefit any

other living soul at all is quite beside his mark. There never was

nor is there now a sage among them to whom the title "wise" could be

applied. No! the appellation "sophist" suffices for each and all, which

among men of common sense (12) sounds like a stigma. My advice then is

to mistrust the sonorous catch-words (13) of the sophist, and not

to despise the reasoned conclusions (14) of the philosopher; for the

sophist is a hunter after the rich and young, the philosopher is the

common friend of all; he neither honours nor despises the fortunes of

men.

(12) L. Dind. cf. Eur. "Heracl." 370, {tou tauta kalos an eie} | {para

g' eu phronousin}.

(13) {paraggelmata}. Cf. Aesch. "Ag." 480, "telegraph"; Lys. 121. 32;

Dem. 569. 1; "words of command"; Dion. H. "De Comp." 248,

"instructions, precepts."

(14) {enthumemata}.

Nor would I have you envy or imitate those either who recklessly pursue

the path of self-aggrandisement, (15) whether in private or in public

life; but consider well (16) that the best of men, (17) the true

nobility, are discovered by their virtues; (18) they are a laborious

upwards-striving race; whilst the base are in evil plight (19) and are

discovered by their demerits. (20) Since in proportion as they rob the

private citizen of his means and despoil the state (21) they are less

serviceable with a view to the public safety than any private citizen;

(22) and what can be worse or more disgraceful for purposes of war than

the bodily form of people so incapable of toil? (23) Think of huntsmen

by contrast, surrendering to the common weal person and property alike

in perfect condition for service of the citizens. They have both a

battle to wage certainly: only the one set are for attacking beasts; and

the other their own friends. (24) And naturally the assailant of his

own friends does not win the general esteem; (25) whilst the huntsman in

attacking a wild beast may win renown. If successful in his capture, he

was won a victory over a hostile brood; or failing, in the first place,

it is a feather in his cap that his attempt is made against enemies of

the whole community; and secondly, that it is not to the detriment of

man nor for love of gain that the field is taken; and thirdly, as the

outcome of the very attempt, the hunter is improved in many respects,

and all the wiser: by what means we will explain. Were it not for

the very excess of his pains, his well-reasoned devices, his manifold

precautions, he would never capture the quarry at all; since the

antagonists he deals with are doing battle for bare life and in their

native haunts, (26) and are consequently in great force. So that if he

fails to overmatch the beasts by a zest for toil transcending theirs and

plentiful intelligence, the huntsman's labours are in vain.

(15) Or, "surrender themselves heedlessly to the ways of self-

seeking." But the phraseology here seems to savour of extreme

youth, or else senility.

(16) {enthumethenta}. Query, in reference to {enthumemata} above?

(17) Reading {andron}. For the vulg. {auton} see Schneid. ad loc., who

suggests {ton aston}.

(18) "Recognisable for the better."

(19) "They are not famous but infamous"; "the bad fare as their name

suggests" (i.e. badly).

(20) "Recognisable for the worse."

(21) Or, "what with private extortionsand public peculation."

(22) {ton idioton}, "laymen," I suppose, as opposed to "professional"

lawyers or politicians.

(23) "What with their incapacity for hard work, their physique for

purposes of war is a mockery and a sham."

(24) Cf. Plat. "Soph."

(25) Or, "earns but an evil reputation in the world."

(26) "They are being bearded in their dens."

I go back to my proposition then. Those self-seeking politicians, who

want to feather their own nests, (27) practise to win victories over

their own side, but the sportsman confines himself to the common enemy.

This training of theirs renders the one set more able to cope with the

foreign foe, the others far less able. The hunting of the one is carried

on with self-restraint, of the others with effrontery. The one can look

down with contempt upon maliciousness and sordid love of gain, the other

cannot. The very speech and intonation of the one has melody, of the

other harshness. And with regard to things divine, the one set know no

obstacle to their impiety, the others are of all men the most pious.

Indeed ancient tales affirm (28) that the very gods themselves take

joy in this work (29) as actors and spectators. So that, (30) with due

reflection on these things, the young who act upon my admonitions will

be found, perchance, beloved of heaven and reverent of soul, checked by

the thought that some one of the gods is eyeing their performance. (31)

(27) Or, "Those people who would fain have the lion's share in the

state."

(28) Or, "an ancient story obtains."

(29) Sc. "of the chase."

(30) Or {uparkhein} = "it may be considered as given." Scheid. cf.

"Pol. Ath." iii. 9, {oste uparkhein demokratian einai}.

(31) Lit. "that the things in question are beheld by some divinity."

These are the youths who will prove a blessing to their parents, and not

to their parents only but to the whole state; to every citizen alike and

individual friend.

Nay, what has sex to do with it? It is not only men enamoured of the

chase that have become heroes, but among women there are also to whom

our lady Artemis has granted a like boon--Atalanta, and Procris, and

many another huntress fair.